Classification
Congenital
- Clubfoot, rigid equinovarus treated with Ponseti casting
- Congenital vertical talus, rigid rocker bottom foot with dorsal navicular dislocation
- Metatarsus adductus, flexible forefoot adduction that mostly resolves
- Skewfoot, forefoot adduction with hindfoot valgus
- Calcaneovalgus foot, positional newborn deformity that resolves
- Polydactyly and syndactyly
- Curly toes and overriding fifth toe
Developmental
- Flexible flatfoot, physiological and needing no treatment
- Tarsal coalition, rigid flatfoot with recurrent sprains in adolescence
- Accessory navicular, medial midfoot pain and prominence
- Juvenile hallux valgus, high recurrence after surgery
- Idiopathic toe walking, diagnosis of exclusion
Neuromuscular
- Cavus foot, investigate for CMT and spinal pathology
- Planovalgus, common in spastic diplegia and quadriplegia
- Calcaneocavus in myelomeningocele and polio
- Equinovarus in hemiplegic CP
Osteochondroses and apophysitis
- Sever disease, calcaneal apophysitis
- Köhler disease, self limiting navicular osteonecrosis in young children
- Freiberg infraction, second metatarsal head osteonecrosis in adolescent girls
- Iselin disease, apophysitis of the fifth metatarsal base
- Talar osteochondral lesion
Acquired
- Ankle and foot fractures including Tillaux and triplane
- Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis
- Ingrown toenail and subungual exostosis
Reviewed by Professor Phong Tran, Head of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Health. Last updated 10 October 2026.