- Common foot condition
- 1/100 live births
- Adducted forefoot, curved lateral border and a neutral heel
- “bean shape” sole of the foot
- Flexible deformities can be treated with observation and stretching
- 90-95% resolve spontaneously regardless of treatment
- Rigid deformities, serial manipulation and casting before the age of 6 months
- Surgery rarely required and only indicated in children >3 with a rigid deformity that has not responded to serial casting
Author Contributions
page written by Dr Cassandra Coetzee
Reviewed by Professor Phong Tran, Head of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Health. Last updated 10 October 2026.