Eponym data

{“colles”:{“m”:[“Colles”],”n”:”Abraham Colles”,”d”:”1773 to 1843″,”r”:”Irish surgeon and anatomist, Dublin”,”sub”:”Colles fracture, 1814″,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-colles.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”,”why”:[“Colles described a fracture about an inch and a half above the wrist, with the hand and carpus displaced backwards so that the wrist looked dislocated.”,”He made the diagnosis by looking and feeling alone, 81 years before Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895.”,”Claude Pouteau of Lyon described the same injury around 1760, but his work was published only after his death, in 1783, and was little known outside France. The fracture is sometimes called the Pouteau-Colles fracture.”],”pub”:[“Colles A. On the fracture of the carpal extremity of the radius. Edinb Med Surg J. 1814;10:182-6. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;445:5-7.”],”work”:[“Born in Kilkenny, Ireland, and educated at Kilkenny College”,”Studied at Trinity College Dublin, became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1795 and graduated MD from Edinburgh in 1797″,”Surgeon to Dr Steevens’ Hospital, Dublin, for 42 years from 1799″,”Professor of Anatomy, Physiology and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland from 1804, for 32 years”,”President of the College in 1802, aged 28, and again in 1830″],”facts”:[“He was offered a baronetcy in 1839 and declined it”,”He asked Robert William Smith, of Smith fracture, to perform his autopsy”,”Smith later wrote that he had never seen the fracture more than an inch above the end of the radius, correcting Colles”,”Colles law (1837) held that the mother of an infant with congenital syphilis was not infected by her child. The mother was in fact already carrying the infection”,”Colles fascia, the membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia, also carries his name”],”pearl”:”Colles fracture means the classic extra-articular, dorsally displaced pattern. For the exam, describe the fracture by its features and AO/OTA class, since an eponym alone can be read more than one way.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Peltier LF. Eponymic fractures. Abraham Colles and Colles’ fracture. Surgery. 1954;35(2):322-8.”},{“t”:”Jones AR. Abraham Colles. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1950;32-B(1):126-30.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Abraham Colles.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/abraham-colles/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Claude Pouteau.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/claude-pouteau/”}],”p”:[“Colles”],”req”:””},”barton”:{“m”:[“Barton”],”n”:”John Rhea Barton”,”d”:”1794 to 1871″,”r”:”American surgeon, Philadelphia”,”sub”:”Barton fracture, 1838″,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-barton.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”,”why”:[“Barton described a fracture of the rim of the distal radius that runs into the wrist joint, with the carpus subluxating together with the fragment.”,”His classic description is of the dorsal rim. The same paper also described a palmar rim injury, which later writers called the volar or reverse Barton fracture.”],”pub”:[“Barton JR. Views and treatment of an important injury of the wrist. Med Examiner (Phila). 1838;1:365-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, son of William Barton, who helped design the Great Seal of the United States”,”Apprenticed in 1813 to Philip Syng Physick, often called the father of American surgery”,”Graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania in 1818″,”Surgeon to the Philadelphia Almshouse from 1820 and to the Pennsylvania Hospital from 1823, retiring in 1840″],”facts”:[“In 1826 he performed the first osteotomy, dividing the femur below the trochanters to free an ankylosed hip and create a mobile false joint”,”He wired a fractured patella in 1834″,”The Barton bandage is a figure of eight bandage that supports a fractured jaw”,”His widow endowed the John Rhea Barton Professorship of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania”],”pearl”:”The fragment carries the carpus with it, so these shear fractures are unstable. A volar Barton is usually treated with a buttress plate.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Peltier LF. Eponymic fractures. John Rhea Barton and Barton’s fractures. Surgery. 1953;34(5):960-70.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. John Rhea Barton.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/john-rhea-barton/”}],”p”:[“Barton(?:[’’]s)? (?:[Ff]racture|type)”,”Barton\\)”,”Barton \\(18″,”and Barton”],”req”:””},”smith”:{“m”:[“Smith”],”n”:”Robert William Smith”,”d”:”1807 to 1873″,”r”:”Irish surgeon and pathologist, Dublin”,”sub”:”Smith fracture, 1847″,”ini”:”RWS”,”why”:[“Smith described an extra-articular fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced towards the palm, the reverse of the Colles deformity.”,”It is also known as the reverse Colles or Goyrand fracture.”],”pub”:[“Smith RW. A treatise on fractures in the vicinity of joints, and on certain forms of accidental and congenital dislocations. Dublin: Hodges and Smith; 1847.”],”work”:[“Born in Dublin”,”Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1832, MD from Trinity College Dublin in 1842 and Fellow of the College in 1844″,”Taught surgery at the Richmond Hospital school and was surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital”,”First Professor of Surgery at Trinity College Dublin, from 1847″,”Vice-President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland when he died in 1873″],”facts”:[“A founder of the Pathological Society of Dublin in 1838, with Colles, Corrigan and Stokes”,”He performed the autopsy of Abraham Colles, as Colles had asked”,”His 1849 treatise on neuroma described generalised neurofibromatosis more than 30 years before von Recklinghausen”,”His fracture book corrected Colles, noting that the fracture usually lies within an inch of the wrist”],”pearl”:”Volar displacement is hard to hold in a cast, so many of these fractures are fixed with a volar plate.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Peltier LF. Eponymic fractures. Robert William Smith and Smith’s fracture. Surgery. 1959;45(6):1035-42.”},{“t”:”Shah HM, Chung KC. Robert William Smith. His life and his contributions to medicine. J Hand Surg Am. 2008;33(6):948-51.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert William Smith.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-william-smith/”}],”p”:[“Smith(?:[’’]s)? (?:fracture|[Tt]ype|and Barton|Barton)”],”req”:””},”chauffeur”:{“m”:[“Chauffeur”,”Hutchinson”],”n”:”Jonathan Hutchinson”,”d”:”1828 to 1913″,”r”:”English surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Chauffeur fracture, also called Hutchinson fracture”,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-hutchinson.jpg”,”cr”:”Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0″,”why”:[“Chauffeur fracture is named after a job, not a person. Early motor cars were started by turning a crank at the front. If the engine kicked back, the crank struck the palm and forced the wrist into extension, driving the scaphoid into the radial styloid.”,”Just Lucas-Championnière in Paris named the injury in chauffeurs in 1904, using the new X-rays to show that the fracture line ran only through the styloid.”,”Hutchinson had already described this oblique fracture into the wrist joint in 1866, so it also carries his name. It is also called the backfire fracture.”],”pub”:[“Hutchinson J. Notes on some of the more rare forms of fracture and dislocation. Med Times Gaz. 1866.”],”work”:[“Born in Selby, Yorkshire, to a Quaker family”,”Apprenticed to a surgeon in York, then trained at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London”,”Worked at the London Hospital and the London Ophthalmic Hospital, Moorfields”,”President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1889″,”Fellow of the Royal Society in 1882 and knighted in 1908″],”facts”:[“Hutchinson triad of congenital syphilis is notched incisors, deafness and interstitial keratitis”,”He described the Hutchinson melanotic freckle, now called lentigo maligna”,”He gave the first description of progeria, now Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome”,”He published more than 1,200 papers and founded the Haslemere Educational Museum in 1888″],”pearl”:”The radial styloid anchors the radioscaphocapitate ligament. Look for an associated scapholunate or other carpal ligament injury.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Andreotti M, Tonon F, Caruso G, Massari L, Riva MA. The chauffeur fracture. Historical origins of an often-forgotten eponym. Hand (N Y). 2020;15(2):252-4.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7076623/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Jonathan Hutchinson.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hutchinson”}],”p”:[“Chauffeur(?:[’’]s)?”,”Hutchinson fracture”],”req”:””},”monteggia”:{“n”:”Giovanni Battista Monteggia”,”d”:”1762 to 1815″,”r”:”Italian surgeon, Milan”,”sub”:”Monteggia fracture dislocation, 1814″,”wiki”:”Giovanni Battista Monteggia”,”why”:[“Monteggia described a fracture of the shaft of the ulna with anterior dislocation of the radial head. He saw that the two injuries were linked, but splints and bandages failed to hold the radial head, which kept slipping out of place.”,”His account appeared in 1814 in the second edition of his textbook Istituzioni Chirurgiche, long before X-rays. Perrin in France attached Monteggia’s name to the injury in his 1909 Paris thesis.”,”In 1958 José Luis Bado of Montevideo widened the idea to the Monteggia lesion, a radial head dislocation with an ulnar fracture at any level, and grouped these injuries into four types.”],”pub”:[“Monteggia GB. Istituzioni chirurgiche. 2nd ed. Vol 5. Milan; 1814.”],”work”:[“Born in Laveno, near Lake Maggiore”,”Entered the surgical school of the Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, at 17 and passed the examination for surgical practice at the University of Pavia in 1781″,”Chief surgeon to the prisons from 1791″,”Professor of surgery at the Ospedale Maggiore from 1795, and later its chief surgeon”,”Wrote Istituzioni Chirurgiche, first in five volumes from 1802 to 1805, then in eight volumes from 1813″],”facts”:[“He gave the first description of subluxation of the peroneal tendons, in 1803″,”He was among the first to describe poliomyelitis from a clinical point of view”,”His best known patient, Duke Francesco Melzi d’Eril, recovered under his care in 1795 and rewarded him with an annuity”,”He caught syphilis in 1810 while performing an autopsy, and died in 1815 of a spreading facial skin infection, aged 52″],”pearl”:”In every isolated ulnar shaft fracture, check the radiocapitellar joint on a true lateral view. A line along the radial neck should pass through the capitellum in any position of the elbow.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Rehim SA, Maynard MA, Sebastin SJ, Chung KC. Monteggia fracture dislocations. A historical review. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(7):1384-94.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4266382/”},{“t”:”Peltier LF. Eponymic fractures. Giovanni Battista Monteggia and Monteggia’s fracture. Surgery. 1957;42(3):585-91.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Giovanni Battista Monteggia.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/giovanni-battista-monteggia/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Giovanni Battista Monteggia.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Monteggia”}],”p”:[“Monteggia”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-monteggia.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”galeazzi”:{“n”:”Riccardo Galeazzi”,”d”:”1866 to 1952″,”r”:”Italian orthopaedic surgeon, Milan”,”sub”:”Galeazzi fracture, 1934, and Galeazzi sign”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Galeazzi presented 18 fractures of the radial shaft with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint to the Lombard Surgical Society in 1934, then published a German account. He found the injury in 6% of 300 forearm fractures, three times as often as the Monteggia injury.”,”Sir Astley Cooper had described the same pattern in 1822, more than a century earlier. Galeazzi’s larger series, with his account of the mechanism and treatment, attached his name to it.”,”The Galeazzi sign in developmental dysplasia of the hip also carries his name. With the child supine and the hips and knees flexed, one knee sits lower, showing apparent shortening of the femur. It is also called the Allis sign.”],”pub”:[“Galeazzi R. Di una particolare sindrome traumatica dello scheletro dell’avambraccio. Atti Mem Soc Lombarda Chir. 1934;2:663-6.”,”Galeazzi R. Über ein besonderes Syndrom bei Verletzungen im Bereich der Unterarmknochen. Arch Orthop Unfallchir. 1935;35:557-62.”],”work”:[“Born in Turin and graduated in medicine with honours from the University of Turin in 1890″,”Trained in surgery under Antonio Carle at the Ospedale Mauriziano, Turin”,”Director of the Pius Institute for Crippled Children (Istituto dei Rachitici), Milan, from 1903″,”Professor of Clinical Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, from 1908, growing the institute from 55 to 300 beds”,”Edited Archivio di Ortopedia for 35 years and was a founding member of SICOT in 1929″],”facts”:[“He treated more than 12,000 children with congenital dislocation of the hip from 1911 onwards”,”Scoliosis was his main interest. He devised a method of spinal derotation and published a monograph on scoliosis in 1948″,”He set up a Milan clinic for occupational disease and led rehabilitation of soldiers wounded in World War I”,”The Milan institute was renamed the Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi in 1961″],”pearl”:”In adults the Galeazzi fracture is a fracture of necessity. Hughston found that 35 of 38 treated closed failed, so the radius is plated and the distal radioulnar joint then tested for stability.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Sebastin SJ, Chung KC. A historical report on Riccardo Galeazzi and the management of Galeazzi fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(11):1870-7.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4411960/”},{“t”:”Reckling FW, Peltier LF. Riccardo Galeazzi and Galeazzi’s fracture. Surgery. 1965;58:453-9.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Riccardo Galeazzi.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/riccardo-galeazzi/”}],”p”:[“Galeazzi”],”req”:””},”essexlopresti”:{“n”:”Peter Essex-Lopresti”,”d”:”1916 to 1951″,”r”:”British orthopaedic and trauma surgeon, Birmingham”,”sub”:”Essex-Lopresti injury, 1951″,”wiki”:”Peter Essex-Lopresti”,”why”:[“In May 1951 Essex-Lopresti reported two patients with a radial head fracture and dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. The radius had migrated proximally, so the interosseous membrane was also torn.”,”He advised checking the distal radioulnar joint in every radial head fracture. He warned against excising the radial head in these injuries, and favoured fixation, or a prosthesis when the head could not be saved.”,”He was not the first. Brockman reported a possible case in 1930, and Curr and Coe described a confirmed case after a mining accident in 1946. Essex-Lopresti died weeks after his paper appeared, aged 35.”],”pub”:[“Essex-Lopresti P. Fractures of the radial head with distal radio-ulnar dislocation. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951;33B(2):244-7.”],”work”:[“Born in London, educated at Brentwood School and qualified from the London Hospital in 1937″,”Began in anaesthetics in 1938, then held orthopaedic posts from 1940, including Harlow Wood Orthopaedic Hospital and the Royal Free Hospital”,”FRCS Edinburgh in 1942″,”Parachuted into Normandy with the 225th Parachute Field Ambulance of the 6th Airborne Division a few hours before the D-Day landings in 1944″,”Consultant at the Birmingham Accident Hospital from 1947 and Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1951″],”facts”:[“His surname joins his English grandmother’s name, Essex, with his Italian grandfather’s, Lopresti”,”A gifted pianist, as a student he stood in for the cinema organist at the Troxy in east London”,”His 1946 paper The hazards of parachuting analysed jump injuries in the 6th Airborne Division”,”His Hunterian lecture on calcaneal fractures, published in 1952 after his death, gave the tongue type and joint depression classification”],”pearl”:”Wrist pain after a radial head fracture needs examination of the distal radioulnar joint and comparison wrist radiographs. Excising the radial head when the interosseous membrane is torn lets the radius migrate proximally.”,”src”:[{“t”:”McGlinn EP, Sebastin SJ, Chung KC. A historical perspective on the Essex-Lopresti injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(8):1599-606.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4157731/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Peter Essex-Lopresti.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/peter-essex-lopresti/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Peter Essex-Lopresti.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Essex-Lopresti”}],”p”:[“Essex-Lopresti”],”req”:””},”bennett”:{“n”:”Edward Hallaran Bennett”,”d”:”1837 to 1907″,”r”:”Irish surgeon, Dublin”,”sub”:”Bennett fracture, 1882″,”wiki”:”Edward Hallaran Bennett”,”why”:[“Bennett described an oblique fracture through the base of the thumb metacarpal that enters the carpometacarpal joint and separates the part of the joint surface that projects towards the palm.”,”He based it on five healed specimens in the Trinity College Pathological Museum, years before X-rays. He presented it at the British Medical Association meeting in Cork in 1880 and to the Dublin Pathological Society in 1881, and published it in 1882.”,”He also corrected earlier teaching. The first metacarpal broke more often than its neighbours, but near its base, not near its far end as Astley Cooper had taught.”],”pub”:[“Bennett EH. Fractures of the metacarpal bones. Dublin J Med Sci. 1882;73:72-5.”,”Bennett EH. On fracture of the metacarpal bone of the thumb. Br Med J. 1886;2(1331):12-3. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;(220):3-6.”],”work”:[“Born at Charlotte Quay, Cork, son of the Recorder of Cork, with physicians on both sides of the family”,”Entered Trinity College Dublin in 1854 and graduated in 1859, among the first to take its new MCh degree”,”Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital and University Anatomist from 1864″,”Succeeded Robert William Smith as Professor of Surgery at Trinity College and curator of its Pathological Museum in 1873″,”President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland from 1884, and surgeon to the Lord Lieutenant from 1902 to 1905″],”facts”:[“He studied fractures under Robert William Smith, of Smith fracture, and greatly enlarged the museum’s fracture collection”,”He was among the first Dublin surgeons to adopt Lister’s antiseptic methods. The BMJ called him the principal pioneer of antiseptic surgery in Ireland”,”A bronze medal bearing his portrait and the fractured metacarpal is awarded with the Surgical Travelling Prize at Trinity”,”The Bennett double ring splint is named after the American physiatrist Robert L Bennett, not Edward Hallaran Bennett”],”pearl”:”The small volar ulnar fragment stays attached by the anterior oblique ligament. Abductor pollicis longus pulls the shaft proximally and radially, so displaced fractures are unstable in a cast and usually need reduction and fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Royal College of Surgeons of England. Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Bennett, Edward Hallaran (1837 to 1907).”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E000818b.htm”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Edward H Bennett.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/edward-hallaran-bennett/”},{“t”:”Medical Independent. A surgical pioneer on two fronts.”,”u”:”https://www.medicalindependent.ie/in-the-news/news-features/a-surgical-pioneer-on-two-fronts”}],”p”:[“Bennett(?:[’’]s)? fracture”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-bennett.jpg”,”cr”:”G. Jerrard, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”rolando”:{“n”:”Silvio Rolando”,”d”:”1873 to 1949″,”r”:”Italian surgeon, Genoa”,”sub”:”Rolando fracture, 1910″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Rolando reported 12 fractures of the thumb metacarpal in workers from the port of Genoa. Five were Bennett fractures, and three were a pattern not yet described, an intra-articular fracture of the base split into a Y shape.”,”He published the series in French in La Presse Médicale in 1910. An English translation appeared in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research in 2006.”,”The name is now used for comminuted intra-articular fractures of the thumb metacarpal base, a wider meaning than his three part Y or T fracture.”],”pub”:[“Rolando S. Fracture de la base du premier métacarpien et principalement sur une variété non encore décrite. Presse Med. 1910;33:303-4.”,”Rolando S. Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal and a variation that has not yet been described. 1910. Meals RA, translator. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;445:15-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Carasco, near Genoa. The da Carasco in his full name records his birthplace”,”Graduated in medicine and surgery with honours from the University of Genoa”,”Assistant surgeon at the Ospedale di Pammatone, Genoa, from 1896, and primario there from 1907″,”Primario chirurgo at the Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, from 1921, and director of its new urology service from 1930″,”President of the Rotary Club of Genoa from 1935 to 1937″],”facts”:[“In World War I he ran a mobile electrovibratory unit as a medical major with the Italian Third Army”,”His later career was mainly urology, and in 1928 he published Cento prostatectomie, a series of one hundred prostatectomies”,”He died in Genoa in 1949 while still working in the hospital”],”pearl”:”Rolando fractures carry a worse prognosis than Bennett fractures because the joint surface is comminuted. CT helps decide between fixation and traction or external fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Silvio Rolando.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/silvio-rolando/”},{“t”:”Rolando S. Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal and a variation that has not yet been described. 1910. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;445:15-8. PMID 16601408.”,”u”:”https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16601408″}],”p”:[“Rolando”],”req”:””},”jones”:{“n”:”Sir Robert Jones”,”d”:”1857 to 1933″,”r”:”Welsh orthopaedic surgeon, Liverpool”,”sub”:”Jones fracture, 1902, and Robert Jones tendon transfers, 1916″,”wiki”:”Sir Robert Jones, 1st Baronet”,”why”:[“Jones injured his own foot while dancing, landing on the outer border with the heel raised. He suspected a tendon injury, but an X-ray showed the fifth metatarsal fractured about three quarters of an inch from its base.”,”In 1902 he reported his own case and five others in Annals of Surgery, arguing that the fracture came from indirect violence, not a direct blow.”,”In 1916 he described tendon transfers for nerve injuries that could not be repaired, including radial nerve palsy. The Jones transfer of extensor hallucis longus to the first metatarsal treats a clawed hallux.”],”pub”:[“Jones R. Fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone by indirect violence. Ann Surg. 1902;35(6):697-700.”,”Jones R. On suture of nerves, and alternative methods of treatment by transplantation of tendon. Br Med J. 1916;1(2888):641-3 and 1(2889):679-82.”],”work”:[“Born in north Wales. From 16 he lived with his uncle Hugh Owen Thomas in Liverpool, and qualified there in 1878″,”Surgeon superintendent to the Manchester Ship Canal works from 1888, treating about 3,000 injured workers”,”Surgeon to the Royal Southern Hospital, Liverpool, from 1889″,”Inspector of Military Orthopaedics in World War I, rising to major general and overseeing about 30,000 beds”,”Made a baronet in 1926 and first President of SICOT in 1929″],”facts”:[“His uncle devised the Thomas splint. Jones promoted it for femoral fractures in World War I, sharply cutting deaths from these injuries”,”He was honorary surgeon from 1904 to Dame Agnes Hunt’s hospital, founded by her at Baschurch in 1900 and now the Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry”,”He published one of the first clinical radiographs within two months of Röntgen’s report”,”The Robert Jones bandage, a bulky layered compression dressing for the knee, also carries his name”],”pearl”:”A true Jones fracture lies at the metaphyseal diaphyseal junction of the fifth metatarsal, a vascular watershed. It heals less reliably than a tuberosity avulsion, and athletes are often offered early screw fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert Jones.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-jones/”},{“t”:”Peltier LF. Eponymic fractures. Robert Jones and Jones’s fracture. Surgery. 1972;71(4):522-6.”},{“t”:”Di Matteo B, Tarabella V, Filardo G, Tomba P, Viganò A, Kon E, Marcacci M. Sir Robert Jones. Orthopaedic surgeon and war hero. Int Orthop. 2015;39(5):1021-5.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Sir Robert Jones, 1st Baronet.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Jones,_1st_Baronet”}],”p”:[“Jones(?:[’’]s)? (?:[Ff]racture|[Pp]rocedure|[Tt]endon)”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-jones.jpg”,”cr”:”Photogravure after Lafayette., Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”lisfranc”:{“n”:”Jacques Lisfranc de St Martin”,”d”:”1787 to 1847″,”r”:”French surgeon, Paris”,”sub”:”Lisfranc joint and amputation, 1815″,”wiki”:”Jacques Lisfranc de Saint Martin”,”why”:[“Lisfranc did not describe the injury. In 1815 he presented to the Institut a new method of partial amputation of the foot through the tarsometatarsal joint, and the joint took his name.”,”William Hey of Leeds had already performed an amputation at this level in 1799 and published it in 1803. Lisfranc injury, meaning any disruption of the tarsometatarsal joint from sprain to fracture dislocation, is a later term.”],”pub”:[“Lisfranc J. Nouvelle méthode opératoire pour l’amputation partielle du pied dans son articulation tarso-métatarsienne. Mémoire présenté à la première classe de l’Institut. Paris; 1815.”],”work”:[“Born in Saint-Paul-en-Jarez, between Saint-Étienne and Lyon”,”Interne in Lyon and Paris, then assistant to Guillaume Dupuytren, with a 1813 thesis on Dupuytren’s resection of the lower jaw”,”Army surgeon in 1813 at Leipzig, Hanau and Metz”,”Surgeon at the Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, for 22 years”,”Wrote Clinique chirurgicale de l’hôpital de la Pitié in three volumes, 1841 to 1843″],”facts”:[“His feud with Dupuytren kept him from a chair in the Paris Faculty of Medicine”,”In 1826 he performed the first operative resections of rectal carcinoma, reported to the Académie in 1830, and he became a leading gynaecological surgeon”,”The Lisfranc tubercle, the scalene tubercle of the first rib, also bears his name”,”His tomb carries his maxim that surgery is brightest when it cures without blood or mutilation”],”pearl”:”The Lisfranc ligament runs from the medial cuneiform to the base of the second metatarsal, with no transverse ligament between the first and second metatarsal bases. A fleck sign or diastasis on weightbearing films indicates instability.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Fischer LP. Jacques Lisfranc de Saint-Martin (1787-1847). Hist Sci Med. 2005;39(1):17-34.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Jacques Lisfranc.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jacques-lisfranc/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Eponymous foot injuries.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/eponymous-foot-injuries/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Jacques Lisfranc de Saint Martin.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lisfranc_de_Saint_Martin”}],”p”:[“Lisfranc”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-lisfranc.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”chopart”:{“n”:”François Chopart”,”d”:”1743 to 1795″,”r”:”French surgeon, Paris”,”sub”:”Chopart joint and amputation, 1792″,”wiki”:”François Chopart”,”why”:[“Chopart amputated the forefoot through the midtarsal joint, between the talus and navicular and between the calcaneus and cuboid. The talus and calcaneus were kept, and the soft tissue of the sole covered the stump.”,”He did not publish the operation himself. His pupil Lafiteau reported it in 1792 in Fourcroy’s journal La médecine éclairée par les sciences physiques. The joint took Chopart’s name, and the midtarsal fracture dislocation was named after him later.”],”pub”:[“Lafiteau. Observation sur une amputation partielle du pied. In: Fourcroy AF, editor. La médecine éclairée par les sciences physiques. Vol 4. Paris; 1792. p. 85-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Paris, to a family of haberdashers”,”Trained in surgery at the Hôtel-Dieu, the Pitié and Bicêtre hospitals, Paris”,”Succeeded Toussaint Bordenave in the chair of physiology at the Paris college of surgery in 1782″,”Wrote Traité des maladies chirurgicales with Pierre-Joseph Desault”,”Published Traité des maladies des voies urinaires, a two volume urology text, in 1791 and 1792″],”facts”:[“He was a pioneer of urological surgery and treated the urinary tract as a single system”,”His co-author Desault died in 1795, the same year as Chopart”,”The Chopart joint is also called the transverse tarsal or midtarsal joint”],”pearl”:”After a Chopart amputation the unopposed triceps surae pulls the stump into equinus. Achilles tendon lengthening or tenotomy, often with tibialis anterior transfer, helps prevent this.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. François Chopart.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/francois-chopart/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Eponymous foot injuries.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/eponymous-foot-injuries/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. François Chopart.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chopart”}],”p”:[“Chopart”],”req”:””},”maisonneuve”:{“n”:”Jacques Gilles Maisonneuve”,”d”:”1809 to 1897″,”r”:”French surgeon, Paris”,”sub”:”Maisonneuve fracture, 1840″,”wiki”:”Jules Germain François Maisonneuve”,”why”:[“Working on cadavers, Maisonneuve rotated the foot outwards while the leg was held fixed. The tibiofibular ligaments tore first, and with further rotation the fibula broke high, in its upper third, no longer in its lower third.”,”He published the work in 1840 in Archives générales de médecine, and was the first to explain the part external rotation plays in ankle fractures.”,”His name is often given as Jules Germain François Maisonneuve. French biographical sources give Jacques Gilles Thomas Maisonneuve, and the M before JG in his papers stood for Monsieur.”],”pub”:[“Maisonneuve JG. Recherches sur la fracture du péroné. Arch Gen Med. 1840;7:165-87, 433-73.”],”work”:[“Born in Nantes”,”Studied surgery in Paris under Guillaume Dupuytren from 1829, graduating MD in 1835″,”Surgeon to the Paris hospitals from 1842, including Bicêtre, Cochin and the Pitié”,”Surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, from 1862″,”A founder of the Société de Chirurgie, and made a Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur in 1863″],”facts”:[“He improved the internal urethrotome for urethral stricture by adding a filiform guide, and the Maisonneuve urethrotome carries his name”,”Like Lisfranc, he trained under Dupuytren”,”Pankovich’s 1976 series in J Bone Joint Surg Am brought the injury back to wide attention in English”],”pearl”:”With a medial malleolar fracture or medial tenderness and no distal fibular fracture, examine and X-ray the whole fibula. A Maisonneuve injury disrupts the syndesmosis and usually needs syndesmotic fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Jacques Gilles Maisonneuve.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jacques-gilles-maisonneuve/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Maisonneuve fracture.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/maisonneuve-fracture/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Jules Germain François Maisonneuve.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Germain_Fran%C3%A7ois_Maisonneuve”}],”p”:[“Maisonneuve”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-maisonneuve.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”tillaux”:{“n”:”Paul Jules Tillaux”,”d”:”1834 to 1904″,”r”:”French surgeon and anatomist, Paris”,”sub”:”Tillaux fracture, 1872″,”wiki”:”Paul Jules Tillaux”,”why”:[“In 1872 Tillaux reported cadaver experiments on malleolar fractures to the Académie de Médecine. He showed that tension in the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament could avulse the anterolateral corner of the distal tibia.”,”He never described the fracture in a patient. Henri Chaput showed it on radiographs from 1899, so it is also called the Tillaux-Chaput fracture.”,”The juvenile Tillaux fracture is the adolescent form, a Salter-Harris III fracture of the anterolateral distal tibial epiphysis, and is often mistaken for a sprain.”],”pub”:[“Tillaux P. Recherches cliniques et expérimentales sur les fractures malléolaires. Bull Acad Med. 1872;21:817-26.”],”work”:[“Born in Aunay-sur-Odon, Calvados”,”MD Paris in 1862 and professeur agrégé of surgery in 1866″,”Director of the Amphithéâtre d’Anatomie des Hôpitaux de Paris from 1868″,”Professor of Clinical Surgery at the Hôpital de la Charité from 1890″,”President of the Académie de Médecine in 1904 and an honorary FRCS England in 1900″],”facts”:[“His Traité d’anatomie topographique, first published in 1877, ran to many editions”,”The spiral of Tillaux joins the insertions of the rectus muscles of the eye”,”Paul Segond, of Segond fracture, succeeded him in the Paris chair of surgery in 1905″,”The appareil de Tillaux was a traction device for femoral shaft fractures”],”pearl”:”The distal tibial physis closes centrally, then medially, and the anterolateral part closes last. External rotation in this window avulses the anterolateral epiphysis. CT measures the gap, and displacement over 2 mm is usually fixed.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Paul Tillaux.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/paul-jules-tillaux/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Tillaux fracture.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/tillaux-chaput-fracture-eponymictionary/”},{“t”:”Konofaou V, Dafereras M, Georgakopoulos P, Mavrommatis E. Professor Paul Jules Tillaux (1834-1904). His contribution to surgery and his unknown pioneer work in ophthalmic surgery. Surg Innov. 2022;29(1):125-6.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Paul Jules Tillaux.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jules_Tillaux”}],”p”:[“Tillaux”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-tillaux.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”pott”:{“n”:”Percivall Pott”,”d”:”1714 to 1788″,”r”:”English surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Pott fracture, 1768, and Pott disease, 1779″,”wiki”:”Percivall Pott”,”why”:[“In 1768 Pott described a fracture of the fibula two to three inches above the ankle with displacement of the foot, in effect a fracture dislocation of the ankle.”,”In 1779 he described paralysis of the lower limbs with curvature of the spine, with destruction of the vertebral bodies and abscess, and advised drainage. He did not know the cause was tuberculosis. Tuberculous spondylitis still bears his name.”,”His own famous injury in 1756, from a fall from his horse in Southwark, was an open fracture of the leg, a different injury from the ankle fracture named after him.”],”pub”:[“Pott P. Some few general remarks on fractures and dislocations. London; 1768.”,”Pott P. Remarks on that kind of palsy of the lower limbs, which is frequently found to accompany a curvature of the spine. London: J Johnson; 1779.”],”work”:[“Born in Threadneedle Street, London”,”Apprenticed in 1729 to Edward Nourse, surgeon at St Bartholomew’s Hospital”,”Licensed by the Barber Surgeons Company in 1736″,”Surgeon to St Bartholomew’s Hospital from 1749 to 1787″,”Fellow of the Royal Society in 1764 and honorary diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1786″],”facts”:[“Carried home on a door after his 1756 fracture, he talked colleagues out of amputation and wrote several monographs during the long recovery”,”In 1775 he linked scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps to soot, the first described occupational cancer”,”Pott puffy tumour is a subperiosteal abscess of the forehead from osteomyelitis of the frontal bone”,”John Hunter was among his pupils”],”pearl”:”Pott fracture is an imprecise term. Describe ankle fractures by Weber or Lauge-Hansen, and judge stability by the medial side and the position of the talus in the mortise.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Ellis H. Percivall Pott. Surgeon remembered by his three eponyms. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2014;75(1):54.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Percivall Pott.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/percivall-pott/”},{“t”:”HistoryofMedicine.com. Pott P. Remarks on that kind of palsy of the lower limbs, 1779.”,”u”:”https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5473″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Percivall Pott.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percivall_Pott”}],”p”:[“Pott(?:[’’]s)? (?:fracture|disease|puffy)”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-pott.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”hillsachs”:{“n”:”Harold Hill and Maurice Sachs”,”d”:”1901 to 1973 and 1909 to 1987″,”r”:”American radiologists, San Francisco”,”sub”:”Hill-Sachs lesion, 1940″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Hill and Sachs reviewed radiographs of 119 dislocated shoulders seen at San Francisco Hospital from 1930 to 1940. They described a grooved defect in the posterolateral humeral head, made by impaction against the glenoid rim during dislocation.”,”They treated it as a compression fracture, linked it to recurrent instability, and recommended anteroposterior views in external rotation and in marked internal rotation to show it.”,”Others had seen it first. Malgaigne described the defect in 1832, Flower found the groove in 41 museum specimens in 1861, and Eve reported one after a single dislocation in 1880.”],”pub”:[“Hill HA, Sachs MD. The grooved defect of the humeral head. A frequently unrecognized complication of dislocations of the shoulder joint. Radiology. 1940;35(6):690-700.”],”work”:[“Hill was born in Illinois and graduated MD from the University of California in 1931″,”Hill practised radiology at St Joseph’s Hospital, San Francisco, from 1935 and served in the US Navy Reserve in World War II”,”Sachs was born in Hartford, Connecticut, and studied medicine at Long Island University and the University of Bern”,”Sachs served in the US Army Medical Corps at Letterman Hospital, San Francisco”,”Sachs moved to Cleveland, becoming founding head of radiology at Forest City Hospital when it opened in 1957″],”facts”:[“Hermodsson showed in 1934 that the defect was already present after the first dislocation”,”The lesion often coexists with a Bankart lesion, and larger defects go with more dislocations”,”Sachs later helped bring CT scanning to Cleveland”],”pearl”:”An engaging Hill-Sachs lesion catches on the glenoid rim in abduction and external rotation. With glenoid bone loss it predicts failure of an isolated soft tissue Bankart repair.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Harold Arthur Hill.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/harold-arthur-hill/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Maurice David Sachs.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/maurice-david-sachs/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Hill-Sachs lesion.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/hill-sachs-lesion/”},{“t”:”Somford MP, Van der Linde JA, Wiegerinck JI, Hoornenborg D, Van den Bekerom MPJ, Van Deurzen DFP. Eponymous terms in anterior shoulder stabilization surgery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(8):1257-63.”}],”p”:[“Hill[- ]Sach(?:s|’s|’s)?”],”req”:””},”bankart”:{“n”:”Arthur Sidney Blundell Bankart”,”d”:”1879 to 1951″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Bankart lesion and repair, 1923″,”wiki”:”Arthur Bankart”,”why”:[“In 1923 Bankart wrote in the BMJ that recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder follows detachment of the anteroinferior labrum and capsule from the glenoid rim, and he repaired it by reattaching them.”,”He developed the argument in a 1938 paper on the pathology and treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder.”,”Broca and Hartmann had described the lesion in 1890, and Georg Perthes described the repair in 1906, but their work was neglected. Bankart popularised both, and the repair is sometimes called the Broca-Perthes-Bankart operation.”],”pub”:[“Bankart ASB. Recurrent or habitual dislocation of the shoulder-joint. Br Med J. 1923;2(3285):1132-3. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(291):3-6.”],”work”:[“Born in Exeter and educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge”,”Qualified from Guy’s Hospital in 1906, FRCS in 1909″,”First surgical registrar at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in 1909″,”Surgeon to the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases from 1911, where he did much spinal surgery”,”First orthopaedic surgeon at the Middlesex Hospital”],”facts”:[“He worked with Robert Jones at the Shepherds Bush Military Orthopaedic Centre in World War I”,”He was one of the first surgeons in Britain to perform lateral cordotomy for pain”,”He wrote Manipulative Surgery in 1932 after working with Herbert Baker, a lay manipulator”,”He retired in 1944 but kept operating, and died in 1951 after a full day in theatre”],”pearl”:”A Bankart lesion is avulsion of the anteroinferior labrum with the inferior glenohumeral ligament. With a bony Bankart, measure glenoid bone loss on CT before choosing a soft tissue repair or a bone block.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Arthur Sidney Blundell Bankart.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/arthur-sidney-blundell-bankart/”},{“t”:”Somford MP, Van der Linde JA, Wiegerinck JI, Hoornenborg D, Van den Bekerom MPJ, Van Deurzen DFP. Eponymous terms in anterior shoulder stabilization surgery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(8):1257-63.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Arthur Bankart.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bankart”}],”p”:[“Bankart”],”req”:””},”segond”:{“n”:”Paul Segond”,”d”:”1851 to 1912″,”r”:”French surgeon, Paris”,”sub”:”Segond fracture, 1879″,”wiki”:”Paul Segond”,”why”:[“In 1879, as a young prosector, Segond studied knee sprains with haemarthrosis, in patients and in cadaver experiments. He described a small avulsion of bone from the anterolateral margin of the lateral tibial plateau.”,”He noted a pearly, resistant fibrous band at the front and outer side of the knee that tightened strongly in forced internal rotation. This was 16 years before X-rays.”,”The link with anterior cruciate ligament rupture came with radiography. In 2014 Claes and colleagues matched the fracture site to the tibial insertion of the anterolateral ligament.”],”pub”:[“Segond P. Recherches cliniques et expérimentales sur les épanchements sanguins du genou par entorse. Paris: Aux bureaux du Progrès médical; 1879.”],”work”:[“Born in Paris, interne in 1875 and prosector to the Paris Faculty of Medicine in 1878″,”MD in 1880 with a thesis on abscess of the prostate”,”Professeur agrégé of surgery from 1883, working at the Pitié-Salpêtrière”,”Succeeded Paul Jules Tillaux in the Paris chair of surgery in 1905″,”Member of the Académie de Médecine”],”facts”:[“Most of his career was in gynaecology, and he refined vaginal hysterectomy under the influence of Jules-Émile Péan”,”The Péan-Segond operation is a vaginal hysterectomy for pelvic infection”,”His early work was in urology, including perineal drainage of prostatic abscess”],”pearl”:”A Segond fracture on the AP radiograph points strongly to an anterior cruciate ligament tear and often a meniscal tear, so arrange an MRI. A reverse Segond on the medial side suggests posterior cruciate injury.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Claes S, Luyckx T, Vereecke E, Bellemans J. The Segond fracture. A bony injury of the anterolateral ligament of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2014;30(11):1475-82.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Paul Ferdinand Segond.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/paul-ferdinand-segond/”},{“t”:”Hutchinson MR, Schwarzman G, Bejarano-Pineda L, LaPrade RF. The anterolateral ligament of the knee. Aspetar Sports Med J. 2017;6.”,”u”:”https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-6-targeted-topic-the-athlete-s-knee/the-anterolateral-ligament-of-the-knee”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Paul Segond.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Segond”}],”p”:[“Segond”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-segond.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”pellegrini”:{“n”:”Augusto Pellegrini and Alfred Stieda”,”d”:”1877 to 1958 and 1869 to 1945″,”r”:”Italian surgeon, Florence, and German surgeon, Königsberg”,”sub”:”Pellegrini-Stieda lesion, 1905 and 1908″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1905 Pellegrini reported a 36 year old man who struck the inside of his knee in a fall of about 2 metres. Radiographs showed ossification that he placed in the tibial collateral ligament.”,”In 1908 Stieda described the same shadow beside the medial femoral condyle as a typical injury of the lower femur. The two men proposed different origins, so the joint name carries both views.”,”Köhler had described the finding in 1903, and it is sometimes called the Köhler-Pellegrini-Stieda lesion. Its exact origin is still debated.”],”pub”:[“Pellegrini A. Ossificazione traumatica del legamento collaterale tibiale dell’articolazione del ginocchio sinistro. Clin Mod (Firenze). 1905;11:433-9.”,”Stieda A. Über eine typische Verletzung am unteren Femurende. Arch Klin Chir. 1908;85:815-26.”],”work”:[“Pellegrini was born in Fucecchio, Tuscany, and trained in Florence”,”Pellegrini lectured in operative surgery in Florence, headed the surgical institute at the University of Perugia from 1913 and later directed the hospital at Chiari”,”Stieda was born in Dorpat, now Tartu, Estonia, son of the anatomist Ludwig Stieda”,”Stieda graduated MD from Königsberg in 1891 and trained in surgery under von Eiselsberg, Garrè and Lexer”,”Stieda became titular professor of surgery at Königsberg in 1907 and chief surgeon at the Bertaheim Red Cross Hospital in 1908″],”facts”:[“Pellegrini worked with Giuliano Vanghetti on kineplasty, using the patient’s own muscles to power upper limb prostheses”,”Pellegrini introduced hand disinfection with alcohol alone before operating, and he urged early operation for appendicitis”,”A 2018 review found proposed origins of the lesion including the medial collateral ligament, medial gastrocnemius, adductor magnus and vastus medialis”,”Stieda fled Königsberg during the Soviet advance in 1945 and died in Stralsund”],”pearl”:”The lesion is ossification near the femoral origin of the medial collateral ligament after an old injury, often found by chance. When it causes pain and stiffness it is called Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Somford MP, Lorusso L, Porro A, Loon CV, Eygendaal D. The Pellegrini-Stieda lesion dissected historically. J Knee Surg. 2018;31(6):562-7.”},{“t”:”Porro A, Lorusso L. Augusto Pellegrini (1877-1958). Contributions to surgery and prosthetic orthopaedics. J Med Biogr. 2007;15(2):68-74.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Augusto Pellegrini.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/augusto-pellegrini/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Alfred Stieda.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/alfred-stieda/”}],”p”:[“Pellegrini-Stieda”],”req”:””},”stener”:{“n”:”Bertil Stener”,”d”:””,”r”:”Swedish orthopaedic surgeon, Gothenburg”,”sub”:”Stener lesion, 1962″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Stener studied complete tears of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint, in patients and in cadaver dissections.”,”He showed that the torn distal end of the ligament often flips proximally and comes to lie superficial to the adductor aponeurosis. The aponeurosis then sits between the ligament and its insertion on the proximal phalanx, so the ligament cannot heal in place.”,”His 1962 paper gave the displaced ligament its name, the Stener lesion, and made the case for open repair of these tears.”],”pub”:[“Stener B. Displacement of the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb. A clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1962;44-B(4):869-79.”],”work”:[“Professor of orthopaedics at the University of Gothenburg until he retired in June 1986″,”With Odd Johnsen he reported the complete removal of three vertebrae, T11 to L1, for a giant cell tumour in 1971″],”facts”:[“His 1971 patient was paraplegic from a giant cell tumour of T12, and after en bloc resection she walked again and regained bladder control”,”A chronic ulnar collateral ligament injury of the thumb is called gamekeeper’s thumb, and the acute injury skier’s thumb”],”pearl”:”In a Stener lesion the adductor aponeurosis lies between the torn ligament and its insertion, so the tear will not heal in a splint. A palpable lump on the ulnar side of the joint suggests it, and the treatment is surgical repair.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Gunterberg B. Bertil Stener. A portrait. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57(6):566-74.”,”u”:”https://actaorthop.org/actao/article/view/23171″},{“t”:”Lucerna A, Rehman UH. Stener lesion. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Stener lesion.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stener_lesion”},{“t”:”Stener B, Johnsen OE. Complete removal of three vertebrae for giant-cell tumour. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1971;53-B(2):278-87.”,”u”:”https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/0301-620X.53B2.278″}],”p”:[“Stener”],”req”:””},”hoffa”:{“n”:”Albert Hoffa”,”d”:”1859 to 1907″,”r”:”German orthopaedic surgeon, Würzburg and Berlin”,”sub”:”Hoffa fracture, 1888, and Hoffa fat pad, 1904″,”wiki”:”Albert Hoffa”,”why”:[“In 1904 Hoffa described the infrapatellar fat pad in JAMA, with its position, attachments and structure, and a painful knee condition from its hyperplasia and fibrosis in 21 patients. He did not name the fat pad after himself. Later authors attached his name to the fat pad and to Hoffa disease.”,”Hoffa fracture is a coronal fracture of the femoral condyle, usually the lateral one. Friedrich Busch described and drew it from a Berlin specimen in 1869. Hoffa included it in the first edition of his fracture textbook in 1888, probably reusing Busch’s drawing.”,”The fracture became known through later editions of Hoffa’s book, and the term Hoffa fracture spread from the 1970s. Historians suggest Busch-Hoffa fracture as the fairer name.”],”pub”:[“Hoffa A. Lehrbuch der Fracturen und Luxationen für Ärzte und Studierende. 1888.”,”Hoffa A. The influence of the adipose tissue with regard to the pathology of the knee joint. JAMA. 1904;43:795-6.”],”work”:[“Born in Richmond, Cape Colony, South Africa, son of a German physician”,”Studied medicine at Marburg and Freiburg”,”Opened a private clinic for orthopaedics, physiotherapy and massage in Würzburg in 1886″,”Associate professor of orthopaedics at the University of Würzburg from 1895″,”Succeeded Julius Wolff as professor of orthopaedics in Berlin in 1902″],”facts”:[“He founded the Zeitschrift für orthopädische Chirurgie in 1892″,”He devised an open operation for congenital dislocation of the hip in 1890″,”His 1893 book on massage set out the Hoffa system of therapeutic massage”,”Christian Heinrich Braun reported the first clinical case of the coronal condylar fracture in 1891″],”pearl”:”A Hoffa fragment is easily missed on the AP view, so obtain a true lateral and CT in distal femoral fractures. Fixation is with lag screws placed perpendicular to the coronal fracture line.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Rammelt S. History of femoral head fracture and coronal fracture of the femoral condyles. Int Orthop. 2015;39(6):1245-50.”},{“t”:”Zolotov AS, Zinkova EA, Atoian VA. Hoffa’s fat pad, Hoffa’s disease, Hoffa’s fracture. The history of eponyms. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2023;30(3):367-74.”,”u”:”https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/409584″},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Albert Hoffa.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/albert-hoffa/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Albert Hoffa.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hoffa”}],”p”:[“Hoffa”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-hoffa.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”volkmann”:{“n”:”Richard von Volkmann”,”d”:”1830 to 1889″,”r”:”German surgeon, Halle”,”sub”:”Volkmann ischaemic contracture, 1881, Volkmann triangle and Hueter-Volkmann law”,”wiki”:”Richard von Volkmann”,”why”:[“In 1881 Volkmann described paralysis and contracture of forearm muscles after tight bandages and splints, and argued that the cause was loss of arterial supply to the muscle. The resulting flexion contracture of the wrist and fingers carries his name.”,”In 1862 he and Carl Hueter separately described how compression slows growth at the physis and tension speeds it. This became the Hueter-Volkmann law.”,”Volkmann triangle, the posterior malleolar fragment of the tibia, is a misattribution. Bartoníček found no description of the posterior fragment by Volkmann, and Henry Earle of London had described it decades earlier.”],”pub”:[“Volkmann R. Die ischaemischen Muskellähmungen und Kontrakturen. Zentralbl Chir. 1881;8:801-3.”,”Volkmann R. Chirurgische Erfahrungen über Knochenverbiegungen und Knochenwachsthum. Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med. 1862;24:512-40.”],”work”:[“Born in Leipzig, son of the physiologist Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann”,”Studied at Giessen, Halle and Berlin and graduated MD in 1854″,”Professor of surgery and director of the surgical clinic at Halle from 1867 until his death”,”Ran a military field hospital in the war of 1866 and was surgeon general in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871″,”Co-founded the German Surgical Society in 1872 with Langenbeck and Simon, and was its president in 1886 to 1887″],”facts”:[“He began Lister’s antiseptic method at Halle in the autumn of 1872, after high postoperative mortality, and became its leading German advocate”,”In 1878 he described excision of the rectum for carcinoma”,”He wrote fairy tales and poems under the pen name Richard Leander”,”The Volkmann spoon, a sharp curette, and the Volkmann splint also carry his name”],”pearl”:”Volkmann contracture is the end result of missed forearm compartment syndrome, most often after a supracondylar humeral fracture in a child. Pain on passive finger stretch is an early warning sign, and the treatment is urgent fasciotomy.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Willy C, Schneider P, Engelhardt M, Hargens AR, Mubarak SJ. Richard von Volkmann. Surgeon and Renaissance man. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(2):500-6.”},{“t”:”Bartoníček J. Avulsed posterior edge of the tibia. Earle’s or Volkmann’s triangle? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(5):746-50.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Richard von Volkmann.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/richard-von-volkmann/”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Richard von Volkmann.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1766.html”}],”p”:[“Volkmann(?!(?:[’’]s)? [Cc]anal)”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-volkmann.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”kienbock”:{“n”:”Robert Kienböck”,”d”:”1871 to 1953″,”r”:”Austrian radiologist, Vienna”,”sub”:”Kienböck disease, 1910″,”wiki”:”Robert Kienböck”,”why”:[“Kienböck described progressive softening and collapse of the lunate on X-ray, which he called traumatic malacia of the lunate, or lunatomalacia.”,”He attributed the collapse to injury that disrupted the blood supply of the lunate, followed by degeneration and compression fractures. The condition is now understood as osteonecrosis of the lunate.”,”His 1910 paper was one of the early uses of the new X-ray to define a carpal disease.”],”pub”:[“Kienböck R. Über traumatische Malazie des Mondbeins und ihre Folgezustände. Entartungsformen und Kompressionsfrakturen. Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr. 1910;16:77-103.”,”Peltier LF. The classic. Concerning traumatic malacia of the lunate and its consequences. Degeneration and compression fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;(149):4-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Vienna”,”Graduated in medicine from the University of Vienna in 1895, the year Röntgen discovered X-rays”,”Spent a year in London and Paris, then returned to Vienna as assistant to the laryngologist Leopold von Schrötter”,”Opened a private radiology practice in Vienna in 1899 and later became professor of radiology”,”President of the Austrian radiological society from 1934″],”facts”:[“In 1900 he showed that X-rays themselves, and not the electrical field around the tube, caused radiation skin burns”,”His 1905 quantimeter measured radiation dose by the darkening of silver bromide paper”,”A fall from a horse in 1910 fractured his skull and left him with hearing loss”,”He was one of the few radiology pioneers whose life was not shortened by radiation”],”pearl”:”Kienböck disease is associated with negative ulnar variance. Staging follows the Lichtman system, and joint levelling procedures such as radial shortening are used in early stages with negative variance.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wagner JP, Chung KC. A historical report on Robert Kienböck (1871-1953) and Kienböck’s disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2005;30(6):1117-21.”},{“t”:”Langer MF, Vieth V, Stehling C, Surke C. Robert Kienböck and Kienböck’s disease. A historical report. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2010;42(3):153-6.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert Kienböck.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-kienbock/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Robert Kienböck.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kienb%C3%B6ck”}],”p”:[“Kienb(?:ö|o)ck”],”req”:””},”preiser”:{“n”:”Georg Preiser”,”d”:”1876 to 1913″,”r”:”German orthopaedic surgeon, Hamburg”,”sub”:”Preiser disease, 1910″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1910 Preiser described five patients with a rarefying osteitis of the scaphoid after a fall on the wrist. He diagnosed post-traumatic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid without a primary fracture.”,”In 1911 he linked his cases to Kienböck disease of the lunate and Köhler disease of the tarsal navicular, as traumatic nutritional disorders of the short bones.”,”His original radiographs were never published. When Kallen and Strackee reproduced them in 2014, they showed signs of primary scaphoid fracture in most cases, suggesting Preiser misread his own images. The name now refers to scaphoid osteonecrosis without a fracture.”],”pub”:[“Preiser G. Eine typische posttraumatische und zur Spontanfraktur führende Ostitis des Naviculare carpi. Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr. 1910;15:189-97.”],”work”:[“Practised in Hamburg as an orthopaedic surgeon, mainly in trauma and joint disease”,”Wrote a monograph on static joint diseases and papers on juvenile osteoarthritis of the hip and tennis elbow”,”Studied the blood supply of bone in fractures and the development of osteonecrosis”,”Died in 1913, aged about 37″],”facts”:[“With Erich Lexer he injected contrast into cadaver wrists and showed the radial artery entering the scaphoid dorsally near its waist”,”His idea that the proximal pole is a vascular end zone is still used to explain proximal pole nonunion and necrosis”,”In 1911 Georg Haenisch of Hamburg argued that Preiser’s cases were fractures, and Preiser disagreed”],”pearl”:”Preiser disease is a diagnosis of exclusion. An occult fracture or nonunion must be excluded first, and MRI is the most useful test.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Kallen AM, Strackee SD. On the history and definition of Preiser’s disease. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;39(7):770-6.”},{“t”:”Schmitt R. Georg Karl Felix Preiser. The idea and misinterpretation of a genius. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2024;28(3):356-8.”,”u”:”https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0044-1779248″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Preiser disease.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preiser_disease”}],”p”:[“Preiser”],”req”:””},”jefferson”:{“n”:”Sir Geoffrey Jefferson”,”d”:”1886 to 1961″,”r”:”British neurosurgeon, Manchester”,”sub”:”Jefferson fracture, 1920″,”wiki”:”Geoffrey Jefferson”,”why”:[“Jefferson reported four cases of fracture of the atlas and reviewed the cases already in the literature.”,”He explained the injury as an axial load on the vertex. The occipital condyles drive the lateral masses of C1 apart, breaking the ring at both the anterior and posterior arches.”,”Earlier cases of atlas fracture had been recorded. His analysis of the mechanism fixed his name to the burst fracture of C1.”],”pub”:[“Jefferson G. Fracture of the atlas vertebra. Report of four cases, and a review of those previously recorded. Br J Surg. 1920;7(27):407-22.”],”work”:[“Born in Stockton-on-Tees, son of a surgeon”,”Graduated in medicine from Manchester in 1909 and became FRCS in 1911″,”Served at the Anglo-Russian Hospital in Petrograd and with the Royal Army Medical Corps in France in the First World War”,”Worked at Salford Royal Hospital after the war, then as neurosurgeon at Manchester Royal Infirmary”,”Became the first professor of neurosurgery in Britain, at Manchester, in 1939″],”facts”:[“He performed the first successful embolectomy in England in 1925″,”He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947 and received the Lister Medal in 1948″,”His 1949 Lister Oration, The Mind of Mechanical Man, was an early contribution to the debate on artificial intelligence”,”He also described saccular aneurysms of the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus in 1938″],”pearl”:”The fragments move outward and widen the canal, so neurological injury is uncommon. On the open mouth view, combined lateral mass overhang over 6.9 mm (rule of Spence) suggests transverse ligament rupture and instability.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Schurr PH. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson (1886-1961). A founder of British neurosurgery. J Med Biogr. 2000;8(3):156-61.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Geoffrey Jefferson.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/geoffrey-jefferson/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Jefferson fracture.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jefferson-fracture/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Geoffrey Jefferson.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Jefferson”}],”p”:[“Jefferson(?:[’’]s)? fracture”],”req”:””},”chance”:{“n”:”George Quentin Chance”,”d”:”1904 to 1975″,”r”:”Irish born radiologist, England”,”sub”:”Chance fracture, 1948″,”wiki”:”George Quentin Chance”,”why”:[“Chance described three patients with a horizontal splitting fracture running through the spinous process, the neural arch and the vertebral body, with little wedging, no facet dislocation and no cord damage.”,”He saw it as a flexion injury in which the spine splits apart once flexion goes past its limit. His note was purely bony and less than a page long.”,”Nicoll called it Chance’s fracture in 1949. Howland and colleagues linked the pattern to lap seat belts in 1965 without knowing of Chance’s paper, and Smith and Kaufer reported 20 cases as Chance fractures in 1969.”],”pub”:[“Chance GQ. Note on a type of flexion fracture of the spine. Br J Radiol. 1948;21(249):452.”],”work”:[“Born in Dublin and graduated in medicine from Trinity College Dublin in 1928″,”Held house surgeon posts at Worcester General Infirmary and Salford Royal Hospital”,”Gained the Diploma in Medical Radiology from Cambridge in 1938 and worked at the Sheffield Radium Centre from 1938 to 1942″,”Consultant radiologist and director of diagnostic radiology at the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary from 1947, retiring in 1965″],”facts”:[“He co-wrote an early paper on air arthrography of the knee menisci in 1943″,”He died in Tangier, Morocco, in 1975″,”The injury became common with lap belts in the 1950s and 1960s and fell with three point belts”,”He co-wrote a 1944 paper on post-traumatic pain and causalgia”],”pearl”:”A Chance fracture after a lap belt injury carries a high rate of associated intra-abdominal injury, especially to bowel and mesentery. Look for the seat belt sign and image the abdomen.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Thakur JD, Wild E, Menger R, Hefner M, Adeeb N, Kalakoti P, Nanda A. George Chance and Frank Holdsworth. Understanding spinal instability and the evolution of modern spine injury classification systems. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(6):E509-16.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. George Quentin Chance.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/george-quentin-chance/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Chance fracture.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/chance-fracture/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Chance fracture.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_fracture”}],”p”:[“Chance fracture”],”req”:””},”garden”:{“n”:”Robert Symon Garden”,”d”:”1910 to 1982″,”r”:”Scottish orthopaedic surgeon, Preston”,”sub”:”Garden classification of femoral neck fractures, 1961″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Garden graded subcapital fractures of the femoral neck by their displacement on the AP radiograph, using the alignment of the trabecular lines in the head, neck and acetabulum.”,”Stage I is incomplete or impacted in valgus, stage II complete without displacement, stage III complete with partial displacement and stage IV complete with full displacement.”,”He set out the stages in his 1961 paper on low angle fixation and linked them to union and avascular necrosis in 1964.”],”pub”:[“Garden RS. Low-angle fixation in fractures of the femoral neck. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1961;43-B(4):647-63.”,”Garden RS. Stability and union in subcapital fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1964;46:630-47.”],”work”:[“Born in Macduff, Banffshire, a farmer’s son”,”Graduated from Aberdeen in 1934, MCh Orth in 1936 and FRCS Edinburgh in 1939″,”Orthopaedic registrar to T P McMurray in Liverpool”,”Commanded No 3 Orthopaedic Centre in Egypt, North Africa and Italy from 1942 to 1945, leaving as lieutenant colonel”,”Consultant orthopaedic surgeon to the Preston and Chorley hospitals until ill health forced early retirement in 1974″],”facts”:[“He devised a fixation method for femoral neck fractures using two angled screws”,”He set up one of the first direct radio links between an accident department and the ambulance service”,”He campaigned for an intensive care unit for the seriously injured when the idea was new”,”Observers disagree often between the four stages, so many units simply record undisplaced or displaced”],”pearl”:”Garden I and II are undisplaced and Garden III and IV are displaced. In older patients, displaced fractures are usually treated with arthroplasty and undisplaced fractures with fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Kazley JM, Banerjee S, Abousayed MM, Rosenbaum AJ. Classifications in brief. Garden classification of femoral neck fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018;476(2):441-5.”},{“t”:”Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Garden, Robert Symon (1910 to 1982).”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E006528b.htm”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert Symon Garden.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-symon-garden/”}],”p”:[“Garden\\b”],”req”:””},”pauwels”:{“n”:”Friedrich Pauwels”,”d”:”1885 to 1980″,”r”:”German orthopaedic surgeon and biomechanist, Aachen”,”sub”:”Pauwels classification of femoral neck fractures, 1935″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Pauwels classified femoral neck fractures by the angle of the fracture line to the horizontal on the AP radiograph. Type I is under 30 degrees, type II 30 to 50 degrees and type III over 50 degrees.”,”It was the first biomechanical classification of these fractures. Horizontal fractures are compressed by load, while steep fractures are subject to shear and varus forces and are more likely to displace and fail to unite.”,”The 1935 monograph was in German, and later authors often misquoted his thresholds as 30 and 70 degrees.”],”pub”:[“Pauwels F. Der Schenkelhalsbruch, ein mechanisches Problem. Stuttgart: Enke; 1935.”],”work”:[“Born in Aachen”,”Studied science at Lausanne and medicine at Freiburg, with a doctorate in 1911″,”Trained in surgery and orthopaedics under Alfred Schanz in Dresden and Adolf Lorenz in Vienna, and in Berlin”,”Took over a medico-mechanical (Zander) institute in Aachen in 1913″,”Chief of the orthopaedic clinic of the Aachen municipal hospitals from 1934 to 1960″],”facts”:[“He treated femoral neck nonunion with a valgus osteotomy that turned shear into compression”,”In the First World War his workshop produced an award winning arm prosthesis, the Rota-Arm”,”His later work explained bone and cartilage form by mechanical stress, known as causal morphology”,”He was elected to the Leopoldina in 1960″],”pearl”:”A vertical Pauwels type III fracture in a young adult is a high shear injury with high rates of nonunion. Anatomical reduction and stable fixation are needed, and valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is the classic salvage for nonunion.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Hernigou P. The Vienna and German heritage of orthopaedics from the first half of the twentieth century. Adolf Lorenz, Lorenz Böhler, Friedrich Pauwels, Gerhard Küntscher. Int Orthop. 2016;40(5):1049-58.”},{“t”:”Nandi S. Revisiting Pauwels’ classification of femoral neck fractures. World J Orthop. 2021;12(11):811-5.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613682/”},{“t”:”Shen M, Wang C, Chen H, Rui YF, Zhao S. An update on the Pauwels classification. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11(1):161.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5154085/”},{“t”:”Deutsche Biographie. Pauwels, Friedrich.”,”u”:”https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz94296.html”}],”p”:[“Pauwels”],”req”:””},”pipkin”:{“n”:”Garrett Pipkin”,”d”:”1904 to 1981″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Kansas City”,”sub”:”Pipkin classification of femoral head fractures, 1957″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Stewart and Milford graded hip dislocations in 1954 and placed those with a fracture of the femoral head or neck in grade IV. Pipkin subdivided these grade IV injuries in 1957.”,”Type I is a head fracture below the fovea, type II above the fovea, type III either with a femoral neck fracture and type IV either with an acetabular fracture.”,”He based it on 24 patients with 25 fractures, most from motor vehicle collisions.”],”pub”:[“Pipkin G. Treatment of grade IV fracture-dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1957;39-A(5):1027-42.”],”work”:[“Born in Kansas City, Missouri, as Francis Garrett Pipkin”,”Graduated in medicine from Washington University, St Louis”,”Orthopaedic surgeon in Kansas City at St Joseph, Kansas City General, Baptist Memorial and Trinity Lutheran hospitals”,”Served as a major in the Army Medical Corps in the Second World War”,”Founding member of the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons in 1947 and its president in 1950″],”facts”:[“Birkett described a femoral head fracture at post mortem in 1869, nearly 90 years before Pipkin”,”Femoral head fractures occur with a minority of posterior hip dislocations”,”Pipkin also wrote on home treatment of congenital hip dislocation and on infected hip prostheses”],”pearl”:”Pipkin type III, with an associated femoral neck fracture, has the worst prognosis because of avascular necrosis. Reduce the dislocated hip urgently and obtain CT afterwards.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Romeo NM, Firoozabadi R. Classifications in brief. The Pipkin classification of femoral head fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018;476(5):1114-9.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5916590/”},{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Rammelt S. History of femoral head fracture and coronal fracture of the femoral condyles. Int Orthop. 2015;39(6):1245-50.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Garrett Pipkin.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/garrett-pipkin/”}],”p”:[“Pipkin”],”req”:””},”schatzker”:{“n”:”Joseph Schatzker”,”d”:”born 1934″,”r”:”Canadian orthopaedic surgeon, Toronto”,”sub”:”Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures, 1979″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Schatzker and his Toronto colleagues reviewed 94 patients with tibial plateau fractures treated from 1968 to 1975 and grouped them into six types from AP radiographs.”,”Types I to III involve the lateral plateau, as a split, a split with depression and pure depression. Type IV is the medial plateau, type V is bicondylar and type VI has metaphyseal to diaphyseal dissociation.”,”The types rise roughly with the energy of injury and were meant to guide treatment.”],”pub”:[“Schatzker J, McBroom R, Bruce D. The tibial plateau fracture. The Toronto experience 1968-1975. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(138):94-104.”],”work”:[“Born in Stryj, then in Poland, and emigrated to Canada in 1949″,”Graduated in medicine from the University of Toronto in 1960, first in his class”,”Spent a fellowship year with Maurice Müller in Switzerland, where he translated the AO manual into English”,”Orthopaedic surgeon at the University of Toronto from 1969 and later at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre”,”President of the AO Foundation from 1998 to 2000 and later Professor Emeritus at Toronto”],”facts”:[“He was dubbed Mr AO for his part in developing modern fracture fixation”,”He co-wrote The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care with Marvin Tile”,”He became a Member of the Order of Canada in 2007″,”As a child he and his mother were held in the Warsaw Ghetto, from which he escaped”],”pearl”:”Schatzker IV medial plateau fractures are high energy injuries and may be a knee fracture dislocation. Check the pulses and the peroneal nerve, and watch for compartment syndrome.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Zeltser DW, Leopold SS. Classifications in brief. Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(2):371-4.”},{“t”:”AO Foundation. Joseph Schatzker. In his own words.”,”u”:”https://www.aofoundation.org/who-we-are/about-ao/ao-archive-and-history/news/joseph-schatzker-in-his-own-words”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Joseph Schatzker.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/joseph-schatzker/”},{“t”:”Jagiellonian University. Honorary doctorate for Joseph Schatzker.”,”u”:”https://en.uj.edu.pl/news/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_SxA5QO0R5BDs/81541894/139224601″}],”p”:[“Schatzker”],”req”:””},”gustilo”:{“n”:”Ramon B Gustilo”,”d”:”1930 to 2024″,”r”:”Filipino American orthopaedic surgeon, Minneapolis”,”sub”:”Gustilo-Anderson classification of open fractures, 1976″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Gustilo and John Anderson of Hennepin County Medical Center analysed 1,025 open fractures of long bones and graded them into three types by wound size, soft tissue damage and contamination.”,”Type I has a clean wound under 1 cm, type II a larger wound without extensive soft tissue damage, and type III extensive soft tissue damage, contamination or high energy.”,”In 1984 Gustilo, Mendoza and Williams split type III into IIIA with adequate soft tissue cover, IIIB with periosteal stripping needing flap cover and IIIC with an arterial injury needing repair.”],”pub”:[“Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones. Retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(4):453-8.”,”Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures. A new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma. 1984;24(8):742-6.”],”work”:[“Grew up in Manapla, Negros Occidental, in the Philippines”,”Graduated in medicine from the University of the Philippines in 1957″,”Completed orthopaedic training at the University of Minnesota in 1964″,”Chairman of Orthopaedic Surgery at Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis”],”facts”:[“He designed the BIAS hip, the first hip replacement approved by the US FDA for use without cement”,”He held 18 patents on orthopaedic devices, instruments and implants”,”He mentored more than 120 students and colleagues worldwide”,”He built a 38 bed hospital in his home town of Manapla, completed in 2018″],”pearl”:”Assign the Gustilo-Anderson type in theatre after debridement, since the true injury is only seen then. Interobserver agreement is only moderate.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Washburn-McReavy. Ramon Gustilo obituary.”,”u”:”https://www.washburn-mcreavy.com/obituaries/ramon-gustilo”},{“t”:”University of the Philippines Manila. UP Manila mourns passing of titan of PH orthopedics.”,”u”:”https://www.upm.edu.ph/cpt_news/up-manila-mourns-passing-of-titan-of-ph-orthopedics/”},{“t”:”Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(4):453-8. PMID 773941.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/773941/”}],”p”:[“Gustilo”],”req”:””},”weber”:{“n”:”Bernhard Georg Weber”,”d”:”1927 to 2002″,”r”:”Swiss orthopaedic and trauma surgeon, St Gallen”,”sub”:”Danis-Weber classification of ankle fractures, 1949 and 1972″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“The Belgian surgeon Robert Danis grouped malleolar fractures in 1949 by the level of the fibular fracture. Weber modified and popularised the scheme in his book on ankle injuries.”,”Type A is a fibular injury below the syndesmosis, type B at the level of the syndesmosis and type C above it. The higher the fibular fracture, the more likely the syndesmosis is torn.”,”The AO classification of malleolar fractures uses the same three levels.”],”pub”:[“Danis R. Les fractures malléolaires. In Théorie et pratique de l’ostéosynthèse. Paris: Masson; 1949. p. 133-65.”,”Weber BG. Die Verletzungen des oberen Sprunggelenkes. Aktuelle Probleme in der Chirurgie, Band 3. 2nd ed. 1972.”],”work”:[“Born in Switzerland and trained at the Balgrist Hospital, Zürich”,”Senior surgeon under Maurice Müller in St Gallen from 1959″,”Wrote two chapters of the first AO manual in 1963″,”Chief of orthopaedics and traumatology at the Kantonsspital St Gallen from 1967″,”Entered private practice in 1986 and became an honorary trustee of the AO Foundation in 2000″],”facts”:[“Danis, of Brussels, also designed the coapteur compression plate in 1938 and described bone healing without callus”,”Weber promoted Minimax fixation, maximum stability through minimal exposure”,”He wrote books on pseudarthrosis with Oldrich Čech, on children’s fractures and on the external fixator”,”Danis died in 1962, about 10 years before Weber’s second edition”],”pearl”:”In a Weber B fracture, stability depends on the medial side. Medial tenderness alone is unreliable, so a gravity or weight bearing stress view helps decide on fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Bernhard Georg Weber.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/bernhard-georg-weber/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Danis-Weber classification.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/danis-weber-classification/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert Danis.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-danis/”},{“t”:”Quintero Laverde J, Morales Guerrero OJ, Pinzón Rivera ML. Bernhard G. Weber, genio y figura. Técnica y filosofía Minimax. Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol. 2021;35(3):e447.”,”u”:”https://revortopedia.sld.cu/index.php/revortopedia/article/download/447/288″}],”p”:[“Weber (?:A|B|C|classification|type)”],”req”:””},”laugehansen”:{“n”:”Niels Lauge-Hansen”,”d”:”1899 to 1976″,”r”:”Danish radiologist, Randers”,”sub”:”Lauge-Hansen classification of ankle fractures, 1950″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Lauge-Hansen loaded amputated cadaver legs with the foot held in supination or pronation and applied adduction, abduction or external rotation, then recorded the sequence of ligament and bone injury.”,”The first word of each type gives the foot position and the second the deforming force, for example supination external rotation. Each type has stages in a set order.”,”He argued that fractures should be diagnosed and reduced by their mechanism, with closed reduction reversing the injury, and called this genetic diagnosis.”],”pub”:[“Lauge N. Fractures of the ankle. Analytic historic survey as the basis of new experimental, roentgenologic and clinical investigations. Arch Surg. 1948;56(3):259-317.”,”Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the ankle. II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations. Arch Surg. 1950;60(5):957-85.”],”work”:[“Born Niels Hansen in Jerne parish, Ribe County, Denmark”,”Completed medicine at the University of Copenhagen in 1925, then served with the navy on expeditions to Iceland and the Faroe Islands”,”Published his thesis while working at Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, in 1942″,”Head of radiology at the Central Hospital, Randers, from 1943″,”Worked in Seoul, South Korea, from 1959 to 1961″],”facts”:[“His 1948 paper, a history of ankle fracture care from Hippocrates, appeared under the name Lauge”,”He added the pronation dorsiflexion type in 1953″,”A 2015 cadaver study using his method could not reproduce the full supination external rotation sequence”,”He also wrote a book on the embryonic anatomy of the gut in 1960″],”pearl”:”Supination external rotation is the most common pattern and gives the short oblique Weber B fibular fracture. Stage IV adds a medial malleolar fracture or deltoid rupture and makes the ankle unstable.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Niels Lauge-Hansen.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/niels-lauge-hansen/”},{“t”:”Kwon JY, Gitajn IL, Walton P, Miller TJ, Appleton P, Rodriguez EK. A cadaver study revisiting the original methodology of Lauge-Hansen and a commentary on modern usage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(7):604-9.”},{“t”:”Tartaglione JP, Rosenbaum AJ, Abousayed M, DiPreta JA. Classifications in brief. Lauge-Hansen classification of ankle fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(10):3323-8.”}],”p”:[“Lauge-Hansen”],”req”:””},”neer”:{“n”:”Charles S Neer II”,”d”:”1917 to 2011″,”r”:”American shoulder surgeon, New York”,”sub”:”Neer classification, 1970, and Neer impingement sign”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Neer classified proximal humeral fractures by the four segments of Codman, the articular head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity and shaft. A segment is a part only if displaced more than 1 cm or angulated more than 45 degrees.”,”In 1972 he described impingement of the rotator cuff under the anterior acromion and coracoacromial ligament, and treated it with anterior acromioplasty. His impingement sign, pain on forced forward elevation with the scapula held, and the relief of that pain by subacromial local anaesthetic, came from this work.”,”He had earlier designed a humeral head replacement for severe fractures, reported in 1955.”],”pub”:[“Neer CS 2nd. Displaced proximal humeral fractures. I. Classification and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52(6):1077-89.”,”Neer CS 2nd. Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54(1):41-50.”],”work”:[“Born and raised in Vinita, Oklahoma, son of a pioneer surgeon”,”Graduated from Dartmouth College and the University of Pennsylvania medical school”,”Residency at Presbyterian Hospital, New York, interrupted by Second World War service as an Army captain”,”Spent his career at Columbia-Presbyterian, starting the first shoulder service and fellowship there in 1977″,”Founding president of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons”],”facts”:[“He is regarded as a pioneer of shoulder arthroplasty, beginning with the Neer humeral head prosthesis”,”He described three stages of impingement, from oedema and haemorrhage through fibrosis to cuff tear”,”He also classified distal clavicle fractures and described multidirectional instability”],”pearl”:”In the Neer system a fragment is a separate part only if displaced over 1 cm or angulated over 45 degrees. Interobserver agreement is poor, so CT is often added.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Brand RA, Bigliani LU. Biographical sketch. Charles S. Neer, II, MD (1917-2011). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(9):2407-8.”},{“t”:”Carofino BC, Leopold SS. Classifications in brief. The Neer classification for proximal humerus fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(1):39-43.”},{“t”:”American Orthopaedic Association. Charles S. Neer, II, MD, FAOA.”,”u”:”https://www.aoassn.org/pillar-charles-s-neer/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Charles Sumner Neer II.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/charles-sumner-neer-ii/”}],”p”:[“Neer”],”req”:””},”mason”:{“n”:”Mark Leon Mason”,”d”:”1915 to 1972″,”r”:”British orthopaedic surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Mason classification of radial head fractures, 1954″,”wiki”:”Mark L. Mason”,”why”:[“Mason reviewed 100 consecutive radial head fractures and their treatment, and sorted them into three types. Type I was a fissure or marginal rim fracture without displacement, type II a displaced marginal sector fracture, and type III a comminuted displaced fracture of the whole head.”,”Johnston added a fourth type in 1962 for a radial head fracture with dislocation of the elbow. Hotchkiss later modified the scheme so that each type pointed more clearly to a treatment.”],”pub”:[“Mason ML. Some observations on fractures of the head of the radius with a review of one hundred cases. Br J Surg. 1954;42(172):123-32.”],”work”:[“Qualified with the Conjoint diploma from St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, in 1939″,”Joined the Royal Air Force in 1941, organised surgical teams in North Africa and Burma and rose to squadron leader”,”Orthopaedic registrar at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Bournemouth, then registrar and senior registrar at the West London Hospital, Hammersmith”,”Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1949″,”Orthopaedic surgeon to Whipps Cross, Connaught and Chingford hospitals in the Forest Group from 1956″],”facts”:[“A year before the radial head paper he published a survey of end results after Colles fracture in the British Journal of Surgery”,”Agreement between observers using the Mason classification is only moderate”,”He died in 1972 aged 56, survived by his wife and three children”],”pearl”:”With any radial head fracture, examine the forearm and distal radioulnar joint for an Essex-Lopresti injury. A mechanical block to forearm rotation after aspiration and local anaesthetic favours surgery.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Mark L. Mason.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_L._Mason”},{“t”:”van Riet RP, van den Bekerom M, Van Tongel A, Spross C, Barco R, Watts AC. Radial head fractures. Shoulder Elbow. 2020;12(3):212-23.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7285971/”}],”p”:[“Mason (?:[Cc]lassification|type|I|II|III|IV|1|2|3|4|\\(1954|\\(radial)”],”req”:””},”hawkinstalus”:{“n”:”Leland Greene Hawkins”,”d”:”1933 to 1991″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Iowa”,”sub”:”Hawkins classification and Hawkins sign, 1970″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Hawkins reviewed 57 vertical fractures of the talar neck in 55 patients from three institutions. All followed forced dorsiflexion, the mechanism Anderson had called aviator’s astragalus in 1919.”,”He graded them by displacement. Type I is undisplaced, type II has subtalar subluxation or dislocation, and type III adds dislocation of the talar body from the ankle. Canale and Kelly added type IV, with talonavicular dislocation, in 1978.”,”The Hawkins sign is a band of subchondral lucency in the talar dome on the AP radiograph at 6 to 8 weeks. Its presence shows the body has a blood supply, so avascular necrosis is unlikely.”],”pub”:[“Hawkins LG. Fractures of the neck of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52(5):991-1002.”],”work”:[“Born in Los Angeles, California, on 11 October 1933″,”Graduated from Beloit College, Wisconsin, in 1956 and in medicine from the University of Chicago in 1960″,”Orthopaedic residency at the University of Iowa from 1961 to 1965″,”Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Colorado in 1971″,”Private practice in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, from 1973 and President of the Iowa Medical Clinic”],”facts”:[“The 1970 paper grew from his review of every talus fracture treated at Iowa from 1943 to 1967″,”He also described fractures of the lateral process of the talus in 1965″,”He wrote on intravenous regional anaesthesia for upper limb fractures and on Pasteurella multocida infections”,”He died in Cedar Rapids in 1991, aged 58″],”pearl”:”The risk of avascular necrosis rises with each Hawkins type. A dislocated talar body tenting the skin needs emergency reduction.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Leland G. Hawkins.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/leland-g-hawkins/”},{“t”:”Day MA, Compton JT, Buckwalter JA. Leland G. Hawkins, MD. His life and orthopaedic legacy. Talus fractures and the Hawkins classification. Iowa Orthop J. 2018;38:1-8.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6047388/”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Hawkins sign (talus).”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hawkins-sign-talus”}],”p”:[“Hawkins (?:[Cc]lassification|type|group|sign|I|II|III|IV)”],”req”:”[Tt]al(?:us|ar)”},”hawkinsshoulder”:{“n”:”Richard J Hawkins”,”d”:””,”r”:”Canadian orthopaedic surgeon, London Ontario and Vail”,”sub”:”Hawkins-Kennedy impingement test, 1980, and Fielding-Hawkins classification, 1977″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“With J C Kennedy at the University of Western Ontario, Hawkins described impingement in overhead athletes such as swimmers, pitchers and tennis players, with the supraspinatus and biceps tendons compressed beneath the coracoacromial arch.”,”In the test that carries both names, the arm is flexed forward to 90 degrees and then forcibly internally rotated, driving the greater tuberosity under the coracoacromial ligament. Pain is a positive result.”,”Earlier, with J W Fielding, he reported 17 cases of irreducible atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, which they called rotatory fixation. Diagnosis was often delayed. Their four types are graded by the position of the atlas on the axis.”],”pub”:[“Hawkins RJ, Kennedy JC. Impingement syndrome in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1980;8(3):151-8.”,”Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ. Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (Fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(1):37-44.”],”work”:[“Graduated MD from the University of Western Ontario in 1969 and completed his residency there”,”Fellowship in cervical spine research and shoulder surgery, publishing on the upper cervical spine with Fielding from 1975″,”Professor of Orthopaedics and residency director at the University of Western Ontario”,”Moved to Vail, Colorado, in 1990 and co-founded the Steadman Hawkins Clinic with J Richard Steadman”,”Opened the Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas in 2004″],”facts”:[“Founding member of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and its President in 1991 to 1992″,”Team physician to the Canadian Olympic team at Calgary in 1988 and later to the Denver Broncos”,”ABC Travelling Fellow to Great Britain in 1979″,”Received the AOSSM Robert E Leach Sports Medicine Leadership Award in 2015″],”pearl”:”The Hawkins-Kennedy test is sensitive but not specific for subacromial impingement. Combine it with the Neer sign and painful arc, and use a subacromial injection test when the diagnosis is unclear.”,”src”:[{“t”:”ASES Foundation. Richard J. Hawkins, MD, FRCSC.”,”u”:”https://ases-assn.org/founder/richard-j-hawkins-md-frcsc/”},{“t”:”Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry. 2019 Alumni of Distinction Award recipients.”,”u”:”https://schulich.uwo.ca/communications/alumni_enewsletter/2019/april/2019_alumni_of_distinction_award_and_deans_distinguished_lecture_recipients.html”},{“t”:”Becker’s Spine Review. AOSSM names Dr. Richard Hawkins 2015 sports medicine leadership award winner.”,”u”:”https://beckersspine.com/sports-medicine/26238-aossm-names-dr-richard-hawkins-2015-sports-medicine-leadership-award-winner-6-key-notes.html”}],”p”:[“Hawkins-Kennedy”,”Hawkins(?:[’’]s)? (?:[Ii]mpingement|[Tt]est)”,”Fielding (?:and|&) Hawkins”,”Hawkins (?:[Cc]lassification|type|I|II|III|IV|\\(atlanto)”],”req”:”[Aa]tlanto|[Rr]otatory|[Ii]mpingement”},”sanders”:{“n”:”Roy W Sanders”,”d”:””,”r”:”American orthopaedic trauma surgeon, Tampa”,”sub”:”Sanders classification of calcaneal fractures, 1993″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“From 1987 to 1990 Sanders and colleagues at Tampa General Hospital fixed 132 displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures through a lateral approach with lag screws and a side plate, without bone graft.”,”To judge the results they built a classification on standard coronal and axial CT of both feet, using the coronal cut through the widest part of the posterior facet. Type I fractures are undisplaced, type II two part, type III three part and type IV four part or highly comminuted.”,”Anatomic reduction was achieved in 86 per cent of type II and none of the type IV fractures. Good or excellent results fell from 73 per cent in type II to 9 per cent in type IV, and results improved with each year of experience.”],”pub”:[“Sanders R, Fortin P, DiPasquale T, Walling A. Operative treatment in 120 displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Results using a prognostic computed tomography scan classification. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(290):87-95.”],”work”:[“MD from New York University School of Medicine”,”Orthopaedic residency at the Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute, New York, completed in 1985″,”Trauma fellowship at Vanderbilt with Marc Swiontkowski, AO fellowship in Chur under Thomas Rüedi, and foot and ankle training with Sigvard Hansen in Seattle”,”Chair of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of South Florida and chief of orthopaedics at Tampa General Hospital”,”President of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association in 2004 to 2005″],”facts”:[“Editor in Chief of the Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma after Phillip Spiegel, growing it from four to twelve issues a year”,”He chose orthopaedics after recognising his electrician uncle’s chisels, drills and screwdrivers on the back table during a hemiarthroplasty”,”His Tampa trauma fellowship has trained about 140 fellows since 1987, four of them later OTA presidents”,”AAOS Kappa Delta Ann Doner Vaughan Award in 2003 for an NIH limb salvage study”],”pearl”:”Sanders type predicts outcome after fixation. Type IV fractures do poorly with fixation alone, and primary subtalar fusion is an option.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Tampa General Hospital. A national leader in orthopedic trauma.”,”u”:”https://www.tgh.org/news/tgh-health-news/2022/january/a-national-leader-in-orthopedic-trauma”},{“t”:”Orthopaedic Trauma Association. OTA member spotlight. Roy Sanders, MD.”,”u”:”https://community.ota.org/blogs/ota-community/2023/08/30/ota-member-spotlight-roy-sanders-md”},{“t”:”Florida Orthopaedic Institute. Roy W. Sanders, MD.”,”u”:”https://www.floridaortho.com/physicians/roy-w-sanders-md/”}],”p”:[“Sanders (?:classification|type)”],”req”:””},”tscherne”:{“n”:”Harald Tscherne”,”d”:”Born 1933″,”r”:”Austrian trauma surgeon, Hannover”,”sub”:”Tscherne classification of soft tissue injury, 1982″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Tscherne and his senior registrar Hans-Jörg Oestern at Hannover Medical School published a grading of soft tissue damage in open and closed fractures in 1982. It grew from Oestern’s work on the pathophysiology of soft tissue injury.”,”Closed fractures are graded C0 to C3, from negligible soft tissue injury, through abrasion and contusion, to extensive skin contusion, crush, degloving, compartment syndrome or major vascular injury. The closed grading is the part used internationally.”],”pub”:[“Tscherne H, Oestern HJ. A new classification of soft-tissue damage in open and closed fractures (author’s transl). Unfallheilkunde. 1982;85(3):111-5. German.”,”Oestern HJ, Tscherne H. Pathophysiology and classification of soft tissue damage in fractures. Orthopade. 1983;12(1):2-8. German.”],”work”:[“Born in Graz, Austria, on 20 May 1933, and studied medicine at the University of Graz from 1951 to 1957″,”Trained at the Unfallkrankenhaus Graz under Walter Ehalt from 1957 and at the Graz University surgical clinic from 1960″,”Worked with Maurice Müller in St Gallen in 1964 to 1965 and co-founded AO Austria in 1969″,”Director of trauma surgery at Hannover Medical School from November 1970 to 2000, the first chair of trauma surgery in West Germany”,”President of the German Society for Trauma Surgery in 1979″],”facts”:[“His department trained 14 future chairs of trauma surgery across Germany, Austria and Switzerland”,”He edited the 12 volume textbook Tscherne Unfallchirurgie”,”His student Christian Krettek succeeded him at Hannover”,”An annual Harald Tscherne honorary lecture has been given at the German orthopaedic and trauma congress since 2022″],”pearl”:”A closed fracture can carry a severe soft tissue injury. High grade closed injuries around the knee and ankle are often managed in stages, with spanning external fixation until the swelling settles.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia (German). Harald Tscherne.”,”u”:”https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Tscherne”},{“t”:”Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Nachruf Hans-Jörg Oestern.”,”u”:”https://www.dgu-online.de/fileadmin/dgou/dgou/Dokumente/Ueber_uns/In_memoriam/Nachruf_Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Oestern.pdf”},{“t”:”University Hospital Zurich. Harald Tscherne Lecture.”,”u”:”https://www.usz.ch/en/?p=120762″}],”p”:[“Tscherne”],”req”:””},”gartland”:{“n”:”John Joseph Gartland”,”d”:”1918 to 2016″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Philadelphia”,”sub”:”Gartland classification of supracondylar fractures, 1959″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Gartland graded extension type supracondylar humeral fractures in children by displacement. Type I was undisplaced, type II moderately displaced with the distal fragment usually tilted backwards, and type III severely displaced and often rotated. He stressed serial neurovascular checks and avoiding excessive elbow flexion.”,”Wilkins replaced the subjective terms in 1984 with contact of the posterior cortex as the test, and split type III into posteromedial and posterolateral. Leitch and colleagues proposed type IV in 2006 for fractures unstable in both flexion and extension because the periosteal hinge is torn through.”],”pub”:[“Gartland JJ. Management of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959;109(2):145-54.”],”work”:[“Born in Philadelphia with bilateral clubfeet, treated with braces and surgery in childhood”,”BA in chemistry from Princeton in 1941 and MD from Jefferson Medical College in 1944″,”Captain in the US Army Medical Corps at Fort Meade from 1946 to 1948, then orthopaedic training at Jefferson and the New York Orthopaedic Hospital”,”Chair of Orthopaedic Surgery at Jefferson from 1970 to 1985, its first full time professor of orthopaedics”,”First vice president then president of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1977 to 1979″],”facts”:[“The Gartland and Werley score of 1951, for wrist function after Colles fracture, also carries his name”,”Associate editor of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery from 1966 to 1978″,”Medical editor at Jefferson until he retired in 2008, aged 90″,”He died in Haverford, Pennsylvania, in 2016 aged 98″],”pearl”:”Record hand perfusion and median, anterior interosseous, radial and ulnar nerve function before and after reduction. A hand that stays white and pulseless after reduction needs urgent vascular exploration.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. John J. Gartland.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/john-j-gartland/”},{“t”:”Holmes KE. John Gartland, surgeon, medical school professor. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 2016 Nov 29.”,”u”:”https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20161129_John_Gartland__surgeon__medical_school_professor.html”}],”p”:[“Gartland”],”req”:””},”frykman”:{“n”:”Gösta Frykman”,”d”:”Born 1923″,”r”:”Swedish surgeon, Gothenburg”,”sub”:”Frykman classification of distal radius fractures, 1967″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Frykman’s 1967 doctoral thesis at the University of Gothenburg was a clinical and experimental study of distal radius fractures and their sequelae, including shoulder hand finger syndrome, distal radioulnar joint problems and nerve impairment.”,”His classification has eight types. Types I and II are extra-articular, III and IV enter the radiocarpal joint, V and VI the distal radioulnar joint, and VII and VIII both joints. Even numbered types add a fracture of the ulnar styloid.”,”It records which joints are involved, without displacement or comminution, so it does little to guide treatment.”],”pub”:[“Frykman G. Fracture of the distal radius including sequelae. Shoulder-hand-finger syndrome, disturbance in the distal radio-ulnar joint and impairment of nerve function. A clinical and experimental study. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;Suppl 108:3+.”],”work”:[“Born in Sweden in 1923″,”Doctoral thesis at the University of Gothenburg in 1967″,”The thesis was published as Supplement 108 of Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica”],”facts”:[“Secondary sources often give his first name as Gunnar. The Swedish national library record of the thesis names him Gösta Frykman, born 1923″,”Shoulder hand finger syndrome in his title is the condition now called complex regional pain syndrome”,”Grouping by distal radioulnar joint involvement and ulnar styloid fracture reflects his interest in the distal radioulnar joint”],”pearl”:”Describe a distal radius fracture by articular involvement, displacement and stability. The Frykman type alone does not decide treatment.”,”src”:[{“t”:”LIBRIS, National Library of Sweden. Frykman G. Fracture of the distal radius including sequelae. Diss. Göteborg, 1967.”,”u”:”https://libris.kb.se/bib/96522″},{“t”:”Acta Orthopaedica. Fracture of the distal radius including sequelae.”,”u”:”https://actaorthop.org/actao/article/view/30187″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Frykman classification.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frykman_classification”}],”p”:[“Frykman”],”req”:””},”mayfield”:{“n”:”Jeffrey K Mayfield”,”d”:””,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon”,”sub”:”Mayfield stages of perilunar instability, 1980″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Mayfield, Johnson and Kilcoyne loaded 32 cadaver wrists to failure and produced 13 perilunate and 2 lunate dislocations. The mechanism was extension, ulnar deviation and intercarpal supination.”,”Ligaments failed in sequence around the lunate, starting on the radial side. Stage I is scapholunate dissociation, stage II adds capitolunate disruption, stage III lunotriquetral disruption and stage IV lunate dislocation, the most unstable.”,”Reduction reversed the mechanism, with intercarpal pronation, radial deviation and palmar flexion.”],”pub”:[“Mayfield JK, Johnson RP, Kilcoyne RK. Carpal dislocations. Pathomechanics and progressive perilunar instability. J Hand Surg Am. 1980;5(3):226-41.”],”work”:[“Studied wrist ligament anatomy with Johnson and Kilcoyne, describing six volar intracapsular ligaments from 28 dissected wrists in 1976″,”Published on the mechanism of carpal injury in 1980 and on patterns of carpal ligament injury in 1984″,”Reviewed wrist ligament anatomy and the pathogenesis of carpal instability in Orthopedic Clinics of North America in 1984″],”facts”:[“Radial styloid avulsion fractures occurred in 7 of the cadaver wrists”,”Scaphoid rotation followed rupture of the radioscaphoid and scapholunate ligaments in 8 wrists”,”He advised stress radiographs with longitudinal carpal compression in radial and ulnar deviation to show instability”],”pearl”:”Check the lateral radiograph for a straight line through radius, lunate and capitate. Perilunate dislocations are often missed and need urgent reduction, then ligament repair.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Mayfield JK, Johnson RP, Kilcoyne RK. Carpal dislocations. Pathomechanics and progressive perilunar instability. J Hand Surg Am. 1980;5(3):226-41.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7400560/”},{“t”:”Mayfield JK, Johnson RP, Kilcoyne RF. The ligaments of the human wrist and their functional significance. Anat Rec. 1976;186(3):417-28.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/999035/”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Perilunate instability classification.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/perilunate-instability-classification-1″},{“t”:”Mayfield JK. Wrist ligamentous anatomy and pathogenesis of carpal instability. Orthop Clin North Am. 1984;15(2):209-16.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6728443/”}],”p”:[“Mayfield”],”req”:””},”lichtman”:{“n”:”David M Lichtman”,”d”:””,”r”:”American hand surgeon and US Navy rear admiral”,”sub”:”Lichtman staging of Kienböck disease, 1977″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Lichtman and Navy colleagues reviewed 38 patients with Kienböck disease. Delay in diagnosis and long periods in plaster led to progressive collapse of the lunate and poor results.”,”They identified four clinical and radiographic stages and linked the results of silicone lunate replacement to stage. Lichtman later wrote that the staging was an afterthought, added to separate early from late collapse, with Steve Gunther and Greg Mack helping to sort the cases.”,”Stage I has normal radiographs, stage II lunate sclerosis, stage III collapse, later split into IIIA and IIIB by carpal alignment, and stage IV perilunate arthritis.”],”pub”:[“Lichtman DM, Mack GR, MacDonald RI, Gunther SF, Wilson JN. Kienböck’s disease. The role of silicone replacement arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(7):899-908.”],”work”:[“Entered Tufts University in 1959, then transferred to the State University of New York for medicine with Navy sponsorship”,”Navy flight surgeon for two years, then orthopaedic residency and a hand fellowship under James Wilson in San Diego”,”Chair and residency director at Oakland Naval Hospital from 1977, rear admiral from 1987, and later Commander of the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda”,”After leaving the Navy in 1994, head of hand surgery at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston”,”Later chair of orthopaedics at John Peter Smith Hospital and the University of North Texas, Fort Worth”],”facts”:[“He named ulnar midcarpal instability after treating a Navy corpsman with a clunking wrist, and found dorsal pressure on the pisiform abolished the clunk”,”His ring theory of carpal kinematics, presented in 1980, challenged the columnar model of the wrist”,”President of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand”,”Tufts awarded him a bachelor’s degree in 2009, 50 years after he enrolled, in recognition of his career”],”pearl”:”Kienböck disease is associated with ulnar negative variance. In early stages with ulnar negative variance, joint levelling by radial shortening osteotomy is a standard option.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Lichtman DM. Perspective. J Wrist Surg. 2013;2(4):288-93.”,”u”:”https://thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0033-1358485″},{“t”:”NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. 67 year old surgeon gets bachelor’s degree. 2009 Jun 3.”,”u”:”https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/67-Year-Old-Surgeon-Gets-Bachelors-Degree.html”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Lichtman classification of Kienböck disease.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lichtman-classification-of-kienbock-disease”}],”p”:[“Lichtman”],”req”:””},”enneking”:{“n”:”William Fisher Enneking”,”d”:”1926 to 2014″,”r”:”American orthopaedic oncologist, Gainesville, Florida”,”sub”:”Enneking staging of musculoskeletal tumours, 1980″,”wiki”:”William F. Enneking”,”why”:[“With Spanier and Goodman at the University of Florida, Enneking proposed a surgical staging system for musculoskeletal sarcoma in 1980. It sorted bone and soft tissue lesions of any histology by grade, anatomical setting and metastasis.”,”Stage I is low grade, stage II high grade and stage III any tumour with metastases. Each is subdivided into A, confined within a well defined compartment, or B, extending beyond it. Benign lesions are staged separately as latent, active or aggressive.”,”The same paper defined surgical margins as intralesional, marginal, wide or radical, by their relation to the tumour, its reactive zone and its compartment.”],”pub”:[“Enneking WF, Spanier SS, Goodman MA. A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;(153):106-20.”,”Enneking WF, Spanier SS, Goodman MA. Current concepts review. The surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(6):1027-30.”],”work”:[“Born in Madison, Wisconsin, on 9 May 1926″,”MD from the University of Wisconsin in 1949, internship in Colorado, Navy medical officer in Korea and residency at the University of Chicago”,”Chief of orthopaedic surgery at the University of Mississippi, then recruited to the new University of Florida College of Medicine in 1960″,”Founding chair of orthopaedics at Florida and Eugene L Jewett Professor from 1980 to 2005″,”President of the American Orthopaedic Association in 1983 to 1984″],”facts”:[“A pioneer of limb salvage surgery and a founding member and president of the International Limb Salvage Society”,”He won the AAOS Kappa Delta Award three times”,”He served two terms on the Alachua County school board and helped desegregate its schools”,”His seminar in musculoskeletal pathology was taught internationally”],”pearl”:”Biopsy a suspected sarcoma at the treating centre, with the track in line with the definitive incision so it can be excised. A poorly placed biopsy can cost the patient a limb salvage.”,”src”:[{“t”:”UF Health. Renowned expert in orthopedic medicine, founding member of College of Medicine, passes away. 2014.”,”u”:”https://ufhealth.org/news/2014/renowned-expert-orthopedic-medicine-founding-member-college-medicine-passes-away”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. William F. Enneking.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Enneking”},{“t”:”Enneking WF, Spanier SS, Goodman MA. A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;(153):106-20.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7449206/”}],”p”:[“Enneking”],”req”:””},”mirels”:{“n”:”Hilton Mirels”,”d”:””,”r”:”South African orthopaedic surgeon, Johannesburg and New York”,”sub”:”Mirels score for impending pathological fracture, 1989″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Working in the Department of Orthopaedics at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Mirels reviewed 78 metastatic long bone lesions that had been irradiated without prophylactic fixation.”,”He scored four factors from 1 to 3. Site is upper limb, lower limb or peritrochanteric, pain is mild, moderate or functional, the lesion is blastic, mixed or lytic, and size is under a third, a third to two thirds, or over two thirds of the bone diameter.”,”The 27 lesions that fractured within six months had a mean score of 10, against 7 in those that did not. He suggested that lesions scoring 7 or less could be irradiated safely and those scoring 8 or more should be fixed first.”],”pub”:[“Mirels H. Metastatic disease in long bones. A proposed scoring system for diagnosing impending pathologic fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(249):256-64.”,”Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;(415 Suppl):S4-13.”],”work”:[“Orthopaedic residency in South Africa, and based at the University of the Witwatersrand when he published the score”,”Moved to the United States with his family”,”Fellowships in orthopaedic trauma at Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, and in sports medicine at the Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York”,”Private practice in Westchester County, New York, with Montefiore Sound Shore Medical Center and the Mount Sinai Medical Center”],”facts”:[“He also studied vibration and sound conduction to monitor fracture healing, including resonant frequency of the healing tibia in 1993″,”Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research republished the scoring paper as a classic in 2003″],”pearl”:”Many units fix at a score of 9 or more and treat 8 as a judgement call. The score is sensitive but not specific, so it overcalls fracture risk.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Mirels H. Metastatic disease in long bones. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(249):256-64.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2684463/”},{“t”:”Michael J. Fox Foundation. Hilton Mirels, MD.”,”u”:”https://www.michaeljfox.org/bio/hilton-mirels-md”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Mirel’s score.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirel%27s_score”}],”p”:[“Mirels”],”req”:””},”crowe”:{“n”:”John F Crowe”,”d”:””,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, New York”,”sub”:”Crowe classification of hip dysplasia, 1979″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Crowe, Mani and Chitranjan Ranawat reported 31 total hip replacements in 24 patients with severe dysplasia or dislocation. Six hips needed superolateral bone graft for acetabular cover, and 27 needed smaller, straighter femoral stems than usual.”,”They graded the dysplasia by how far the femoral head had migrated upwards. Group I is under 50 per cent subluxation, group II 50 to 75, group III 75 to 100 and group IV over 100 per cent, a high dislocation.”,”The higher groups have a shallow true acetabulum and a narrow femur, which shapes cup position and stem choice.”],”pub”:[“Crowe JF, Mani VJ, Ranawat CS. Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(1):15-23.”],”work”:[“First author with V J Mani and Chitranjan Ranawat of the 1979 paper on hip replacement in dysplasia”,”Co-author with Richard Eaton of a 1980 report on anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve with a fasciodermal sling”,”Later at the Hospital for Special Surgery, publishing on revision hip costs with Thomas Sculco in 2003″,”In practice with ONS in Greenwich, Connecticut”],”facts”:[“Major complications occurred in 19 per cent of hips in the original series”,”A 2010 letter in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research corrected errors in a published conversion table for the Crowe groups”],”pearl”:”In Crowe IV hips, placing the cup at the true acetabulum often needs a femoral shortening osteotomy to protect the sciatic nerve.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Crowe JF, Mani VJ, Ranawat CS. Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(1):15-23.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/365863/”},{“t”:”Wu PK, Lin YM. Letter to the editor. In brief. Crowe’s classification. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:3426.”,”u”:”https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s11999-010-1599-7″}],”p”:[“Crowe”],”req”:””},”dorr”:{“n”:”Lawrence D Dorr”,”d”:”1941 to 2020″,”r”:”American hip and knee surgeon, Los Angeles”,”sub”:”Dorr classification of proximal femoral bone, 1993″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Dorr and colleagues at the University of Southern California compared the radiographic shape of the proximal femur with structural and cellular measures of its bone quality.”,”Type A has thick cortices and a narrow, champagne flute canal. Type B has some cortical loss and a wider canal, and type C is the thin walled, wide stovepipe femur.”,”The type reflects bone quality and helps in choosing between cemented and uncemented femoral fixation.”],”pub”:[“Dorr LD, Faugere MC, Mackel AM, Gruen TA, Bognar B, Malluche HH. Structural and cellular assessment of bone quality of proximal femur. Bone. 1993;14(3):231-42.”],”work”:[“Born in Storm Lake, Iowa, on 13 April 1941, and educated at Cornell College and the University of Iowa, where he took an MS and MD”,”Orthopaedic residency at Los Angeles County Hospital, University of Southern California, and a fellowship at the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York”,”Lieutenant Commander in the US Navy Medical Corps during his training”,”Attending surgeon at Los Angeles County and USC Medical Center and Rancho Los Amigos from 1978, retiring from Keck Medical Center of USC in 2019″,”Founding member of the Knee Society, the Hip Society and the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons”],”facts”:[“He founded Operation Walk in the 1990s, giving free joint replacements to patients in need around the world”,”AAOS Humanitarian of the Year in 2005 and AAHKS Humanitarian Award in 2017″,”He trained dozens of residents and fellows and designed hip and knee implants”,”He wrote two historical novels about the history of medicine”],”pearl”:”Dorr C bone has thin cortices and a wide canal. A cemented stem is a common choice in an elderly patient with this femur.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Healio. Lawrence D. Dorr, MD, founder of Operation Walk, dies. 2021 Jan 22.”,”u”:”https://www.healio.com/news/orthopedics/20210122/lawrence-d-dorr-md-founder-of-operation-walk-dies”},{“t”:”Legacy.com. Lawrence Dorr obituary. The New York Times.”,”u”:”https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/lawrence-dorr-obituary?id=7154587″},{“t”:”University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Alumni. Lawrence Dorr, MD.”,”u”:”https://alumni.medicine.uiowa.edu/node/196″}],”p”:[“Dorr”],”req”:””},”brooker”:{“n”:”Andrew F Brooker”,”d”:””,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Baltimore”,”sub”:”Brooker classification of heterotopic ossification, 1973″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“At Johns Hopkins, Brooker, Bowerman, Robinson and Riley reviewed 100 consecutive total hip replacements on AP pelvic radiographs taken at least six months after surgery. Ectopic bone was common but only occasionally limited function.”,”Class 1 is islands of bone in the soft tissues. Class 2 is spurs from pelvis or femur with at least 1 cm between opposing surfaces, class 3 spurs reducing the gap below 1 cm, and class 4 apparent bony ankylosis. Class 0, no ossification, was added by later authors.”,”Agreement between observers is only moderate, but the scheme is simple and familiar.”],”pub”:[“Brooker AF, Bowerman JW, Robinson RA, Riley LH Jr. Ectopic ossification following total hip replacement. Incidence and a method of classification. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55(8):1629-32.”],”work”:[“Orthopaedic surgeon at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, publishing with Lee Riley from 1973″,”Designed the Brooker-Wills distal locking femoral nail and a tibial interlocking nail system in the 1980s”,”Published on tissue pressure measurement in compartment syndrome in 1977 and 1979″,”Reported early evidence of bone ingrowth into a porous coated prosthesis in 1984″],”facts”:[“He later reported excision of heterotopic bone followed by irradiation after hip replacement, in 1992″,”Della Valle and colleagues found an interobserver kappa of 0.43 for the classification”],”pearl”:”Risk factors include previous heterotopic ossification, ankylosing spondylitis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Prophylaxis is an NSAID such as indomethacin or a single dose of radiotherapy.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Hug KT, Alton TB, Gee AO. Classifications in brief. Brooker classification of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(6):2154-7.”,”u”:”https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11999-014-4076-x”},{“t”:”Brooker AF, Bowerman JW, Robinson RA, Riley LH Jr. Ectopic ossification following total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55(8):1629-32.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4217797/”}],”p”:[“Brooker”],”req”:””},”meyerding”:{“n”:”Henry William Meyerding”,”d”:”1884 to 1969″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Mayo Clinic, Rochester”,”sub”:”Meyerding grading of spondylolisthesis, 1932″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Meyerding graded spondylolisthesis on the lateral radiograph by how far the upper vertebra had slipped forward on the one below, measured in quarters of the lower vertebral body.”,”Grade I is up to 25 per cent, II 26 to 50, III 51 to 75 and IV 76 to 100 per cent. Slip beyond the whole vertebra, spondyloptosis, is often called grade V. Grades I and II are low grade and grades III to V high grade.”],”pub”:[“Meyerding HW. Spondylolisthesis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1932;54:371-7.”],”work”:[“Born in St Paul, Minnesota”,”Trained and practised at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, through the first half of the 20th century”,”President of the International College of Surgeons”],”facts”:[“With Frank Krusen he wrote on the treatment of Volkmann ischaemic contracture in 1939″,”He wrote on painful heels in children with Walter Goodloe Stuck”,”In 1956 he reported lumbosacral fusion with autogenous bone graft for disabling backache from spondylolisthesis”],”pearl”:”The Meyerding grade measures slip only. Progression of slip and high grade slips in children are standard indications to consider fusion.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wright IP. Who was Meyerding? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(7):733-5.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12671365/”},{“t”:”Royal College of Podiatry. Looking back. October 1935. Conventions and celebrated surgeons.”,”u”:”https://rcpod.org.uk/the-centre-for-the-history-of-podiatric-medicine/blog/looking-back-october-1935-conventions-and-celebrated-surgeons”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Spondylolisthesis grading system.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/spondylolisthesis-grading-system”}],”p”:[“Meyerding”],”req”:””},”salterharris”:{“n”:”Robert Salter and W Robert Harris”,”d”:”1924 to 2010 and 1922 to 2005″,”r”:”Canadian orthopaedic surgeons, Toronto”,”sub”:”Salter-Harris classification, 1963″,”wiki”:”Robert B. Salter”,”why”:[“Salter and Harris classified injuries of the growth plate into five types, according to how the fracture line ran through the physis, metaphysis and epiphysis, and what each pattern meant for later growth.”,”Their 1963 paper in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery joined Salter’s clinical experience at the Hospital for Sick Children with Harris’s experimental work on the histology of the physis.”,”Harris asked that his name come second, feeling his basic science contribution was smaller than Salter’s clinical work. Mercer Rang later added a type VI injury to the perichondrial ring, and John Ogden extended the scheme further in 1981.”],”pub”:[“Salter RB, Harris WR. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45(3):587-622.”],”work”:[“Salter was born in Stratford, Ontario, and graduated in medicine from the University of Toronto in 1947″,”Salter joined the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, in 1955 and later became its surgeon in chief”,”Harris, son of Toronto orthopaedic surgeon Robert Inkerman Harris, graduated in medicine in Toronto in 1945 and served as a naval surgeon”,”Harris studied histology under Arthur Ham, joined the University of Toronto staff in 1953 and was President of the Canadian Orthopaedic Association in 1968″],”facts”:[“Salter also devised the innominate osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of the hip and pioneered continuous passive motion”,”Salter was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1997 and wrote the textbook Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System”,”Harris had a special interest in slipped capital femoral epiphysis and published on its early diagnosis in 1955″,”The mnemonic SALTR (straight across, above, lower, through, rammed) is a common memory aid for types I to V”],”pearl”:”Type II, with a metaphyseal Thurston Holland fragment, is the most common. Types III and IV cross the articular surface and the physis, so they need anatomical reduction.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. W Robert Harris.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/w-robert-harris/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert Bruce Salter.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-bruce-salter/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Robert B. Salter.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Salter”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Salter-Harris fracture.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salter%E2%80%93Harris_fracture”}],”p”:[“Salter-Harris”,”Salter and Harris”,”Salter Harris”],”req”:””},”salterosteotomy”:{“n”:”Robert Bruce Salter”,”d”:”1924 to 2010″,”r”:”Canadian paediatric orthopaedic surgeon, Toronto”,”sub”:”Salter innominate osteotomy, 1961″,”wiki”:”Robert B. Salter”,”why”:[“Salter devised a single transverse cut through the ilium above the acetabulum. The whole acetabulum is then rotated forwards and outwards as one unit, hinging on the symphysis pubis, and held with a bone graft wedge and wires.”,”He described it in 1961 for congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip, to give a reduced hip better anterolateral cover. The operation carries his name because he devised it and reported the long term results himself.”],”pub”:[“Salter RB. Innominate osteotomy in the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1961;43-B(3):518-39. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;(137):2-14.”],”work”:[“Born in Stratford, Ontario, on 15 December 1924″,”Graduated in medicine from the University of Toronto in 1947, then worked with the Grenfell Mission in Newfoundland”,”Held the McLaughlin Fellowship in England and a fellowship at the London Hospital in 1954″,”Joined the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, in 1955, later becoming surgeon in chief and Professor of Surgery”,”Died in Toronto on 10 May 2010″],”facts”:[“Co-author of the Salter-Harris classification of growth plate injuries in 1963″,”His laboratory work on continuous passive motion aimed to promote cartilage healing and changed postoperative rehabilitation”,”He reported his first fifteen years of innominate osteotomy in 1974, and his unit published 45 year outcomes in 2007″,”Made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1977, a Companion in 1997, and entered the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 1995″],”pearl”:”The hip must first be concentrically reduced and congruent. The osteotomy redirects the acetabulum without changing its volume.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert Bruce Salter.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-bruce-salter/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Robert B. Salter.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Salter”},{“t”:”Salter RB, Dubos JP. The first fifteen year’s personal experience with innominate osteotomy in the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(98):72-103.”}],”p”:[“Salter (?:innominate )?osteotomy”],”req”:””},”bado”:{“n”:”José Luis Bado”,”d”:”1903 to 1977″,”r”:”Uruguayan orthopaedic surgeon, Montevideo”,”sub”:”Bado classification of Monteggia lesions, 1958″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Giovanni Battista Monteggia had described a single pattern, a proximal ulnar fracture with anterior dislocation of the radial head, in 1814.”,”Bado coined the term Monteggia lesion and widened it to any dislocation of the radial head with a fracture of the ulna. He grouped these into four types by the direction of the radial head dislocation, with type IV adding a radial shaft fracture.”,”He first published the scheme in Spanish in 1958. It reached English readers through his 1962 book and his 1967 paper in Clinical Orthopaedics, which reported 22 adults and 18 children.”],”pub”:[“Bado JL. La lesión de Monteggia. Intermédica Sarandí; 1958.”,”Bado JL. The Monteggia lesion. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1967;50:71-86.”],”work”:[“Born in Montevideo on 8 July 1903 and graduated from the Universidad de la República in 1928 with the gold medal”,”Spent two years from 1933 at the Istituto Rizzoli, Bologna, under Vittorio Putti”,”Founded the Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Uruguay in 1940″,”First Professor of Orthopaedics and Traumatology at the Montevideo School of Medicine from 1951″,”Founded the Latin American Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in 1967 and died in Montevideo in 1977″],”facts”:[“He founded the Instituto de Ortopedia y Traumatología in Montevideo, a training centre for surgeons from across South America”,”He published about 130 papers and 12 books”,”He used Bier intravenous regional anaesthesia for many years, and a demonstration by his team in 1954 revived interest in the technique”,”Type I, anterior dislocation of the radial head, is the most common pattern”],”pearl”:”In any ulnar fracture, check that a line through the radial neck passes through the capitellum on every view. A missed radial head dislocation becomes a chronic Monteggia lesion that is hard to treat.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. José Luis Bado.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jose-luis-bado/”},{“t”:”Bado JL. The Monteggia lesion. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1967;50:71-86.”}],”p”:[“Bado”],”req”:””},”kellgren”:{“n”:”Jonas Kellgren and John Lawrence”,”d”:”1911 to 2002 and 1908 to 1996″,”r”:”British rheumatologist and epidemiologist, Manchester”,”sub”:”Kellgren-Lawrence grading of osteoarthritis, 1957″,”wiki”:”Jonas Kellgren”,”why”:[“Kellgren and Lawrence needed a reproducible way to read the thousands of radiographs taken in their population surveys of rheumatic disease in northern England.”,”In 1957 they graded osteoarthritis from 0 to 4 (none, doubtful, minimal, moderate and severe), based on osteophytes, joint space narrowing, sclerosis and deformity of the bone ends. The paper covered the hands, spine, hips, knees and feet.”,”The World Health Organization adopted the scheme as the radiological definition of osteoarthritis for epidemiological studies in 1961, and the two men refined it into an internationally agreed system in 1963.”],”pub”:[“Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16(4):494-502.”],”work”:[“Kellgren was born in Hindhead, Surrey, trained at University College London and researched referred pain under Sir Thomas Lewis”,”Kellgren became director of the Manchester Centre for Research in Chronic Rheumatism in 1947 and the first UK professor of rheumatology in 1953″,”Lawrence qualified at Edinburgh in 1930 and led the Miners’ Welfare rheumatism survey near Manchester from 1948″,”Lawrence was first director of the Field Survey Unit, which Kellgren set up in 1954, until 1968″],”facts”:[“Before rheumatology, Kellgren’s research under Lewis mapped patterns of referred pain from deep structures”,”Kellgren described generalised nodal osteoarthritis of the fingers”,”Their surveys moved from coal miners to whole towns, including Leigh in Lancashire and Wensleydale in Yorkshire”,”Lawrence summed up the field in his book Rheumatism in Populations in 1977″],”pearl”:”Grade 2, with a definite osteophyte, is the usual threshold for radiographic osteoarthritis. Grade the knee on weight bearing films, because supine views hide joint space loss.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Jonas Kellgren.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Kellgren”},{“t”:”Wellcome Collection. Lawrence, John Stewart (1908-1996).”,”u”:”https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jk5jgucn”},{“t”:”University of Manchester Centre for Epidemiology. History.”,”u”:”https://www.cfe.manchester.ac.uk/about/history/”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kellgren-and-lawrence-system-for-classification-of-osteoarthritis”}],”p”:[“Kellgren”],”req”:””},”outerbridge”:{“n”:”Ralph Edward Outerbridge”,”d”:”1911 to 1990″,”r”:”Canadian orthopaedic surgeon, New Westminster, British Columbia”,”sub”:”Outerbridge classification, 1961″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Outerbridge looked at the patellar cartilage in 196 knees during open medial meniscectomy. He graded the changes of chondromalacia patellae into four grades.”,”Grade 1 was softening and swelling, grade 2 fragmentation and fissuring in an area half an inch or less across, grade 3 the same over a larger area, and grade 4 erosion down to bone.”,”He argued that a ridge at the upper border of the medial femoral condyle rubbed on the medial facet of the patella in early flexion. The grading later spread from the patella to chondral damage anywhere in the knee, especially at arthroscopy.”],”pub”:[“Outerbridge RE. The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1961;43-B(4):752-7. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(389):5-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Japan in 1911 and lived there for his first 18 years”,”Medical missionary with the United Church of Canada in Sichuan, West China, from 1938 to 1951″,”Orthopaedic surgeon at the Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, British Columbia”,”With H K Outerbridge, reported lateral patellar facet autografts for large femoral condyle osteochondral defects in 1995″],”facts”:[“His wife Margaret, a registered nurse, worked with him in China”,”He followed his 1961 paper with further studies of the cause of chondromalacia patellae in 1964″,”With Dunlop he reviewed the problem of chondromalacia patellae in 1975″],”pearl”:”Grade 4 means exposed subchondral bone. Many surgeons now use the International Cartilage Repair Society grading, which follows the same logic of depth of loss.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Outerbridge RE. The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. 1961. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(389):5-8.”},{“t”:”Resonating Reconciliation. Ralph E. Outerbridge.”,”u”:”https://rrncommunity.org/people/18327″},{“t”:”Outerbridge HK, Outerbridge AR, Outerbridge RE. The use of a lateral patellar autologous graft for the repair of a large osteochondral defect in the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(1):65-72.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7822357/”}],”p”:[“Outerbridge”],”req”:””},”tinel”:{“n”:”Jules Tinel”,”d”:”1879 to 1952″,”r”:”French neurologist, Paris”,”sub”:”Tinel sign, 1915″,”wiki”:”Jules Tinel”,”why”:[“Working at the neurological centre in Le Mans during the First World War, Tinel studied hundreds of soldiers with gunshot injuries of peripheral nerves.”,”In October 1915 he reported that pressure or tapping over an injured nerve gave a tingling felt in the skin supplied by that nerve. He called it the sign of fourmillement, or formication.”,”He used the sign to follow regeneration, as the point of tingling moved distally while axons grew. Paul Hoffmann in Germany described the same sign independently earlier in 1915, so it is also called the Hoffmann-Tinel sign.”],”pub”:[“Tinel J. Le signe du fourmillement dans les lésions des nerfs périphériques. Presse Med. 1915;47:388-9.”],”work”:[“Born in Rouen in 1879 into a Norman medical family”,”Trained in Paris under Landouzy and Dejerine at the Salpêtrière and completed his doctorate in 1910″,”Head of the neurological centre at Le Mans from 1915 to 1919″,”Later worked at the Salpêtrière, La Rochefoucauld, Beaujon and Boucicaut hospitals in Paris, retiring in 1945″,”President of the Société de Neurologie in 1936″],”facts”:[“His 1916 book on nerve wounds was translated into English in 1917 and mapped cutaneous nerve territories”,”With Labbé and Doumer in 1922 he gave an early description of phaeochromocytoma”,”In the Second World War he and his son Jacques hid Allied airmen and helped them reach Spain. Jacques died after deportation to Dora-Mittelbau”,”Tinel himself was imprisoned in Bordeaux for several months”],”pearl”:”A Tinel sign that advances distally over time suggests the nerve is regenerating. A sign that stays at the level of injury suggests a neuroma or a failed repair.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Jules Tinel.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jules-tinel/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Jules Tinel.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Tinel”},{“t”:”Buck-Gramcko D, Lubahn JD. The Hoffmann-Tinel sign. J Hand Surg Br. 1993;18(6):800-5.”}],”p”:[“Tinel”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-tinel.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, Licence Ouverte”},”phalen”:{“n”:”George Smith Phalen”,”d”:”1911 to 1998″,”r”:”American orthopaedic hand surgeon, Cleveland”,”sub”:”Phalen test, 1948″,”wiki”:”George S. Phalen”,”why”:[“Phalen showed that spontaneous compression of the median nerve under the transverse carpal ligament was a common, treatable condition.”,”He announced his wrist flexion test at a meeting of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand in 1948. The forearms are held upright and the wrists hang in full flexion for up to a minute, and a positive test brings on median nerve symptoms.”,”His 1950 paper with Gardner and La Londe, his 1951 JAMA paper and later series of 654 and 598 hands made carpal tunnel syndrome a standard diagnosis.”],”pub”:[“Phalen GS, Gardner WJ, La Londe AA. Neuropathy of the median nerve due to compression beneath the transverse carpal ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1950;32A(1):109-12.”,”Phalen GS. Spontaneous compression of the median nerve at the wrist. JAMA. 1951;145(15):1128-33.”],”work”:[“Born in Peoria, Illinois, on 2 December 1911 and graduated from Bradley University in 1932″,”MD and master’s degree in anatomy from Northwestern University in 1937, then orthopaedic residency at the Mayo Clinic”,”Army surgeon from 1942, chief of the orthopaedic section at O’Reilly General Hospital, one of the Army hand centres”,”Orthopaedic hand surgeon at the Cleveland Clinic for about 24 years after the war”,”Moved to the Dallas Medical and Surgical Clinic in 1970, retired in 1980 and died in Dallas in 1998″],”facts”:[“He helped organise the first meeting of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand in 1946 and was its president in 1961″,”President of the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons in 1965″,”In 1981 he looked back on his work in a paper titled The birth of a syndrome, or carpal tunnel revisited”,”He stressed that the hands should hang freely and not be forced into flexion. Pressing the backs of the hands together is a later modification”],”pearl”:”The Phalen test supports a clinical diagnosis but does not replace it. Nerve conduction studies help when the diagnosis is in doubt or before revision surgery.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. George Phalen.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/george-phalen/”},{“t”:”Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Phalen, George S.”,”u”:”https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/phalen-george-s”},{“t”:”Phalen GS. The birth of a syndrome, or carpal tunnel revisited. J Hand Surg Am. 1981;6(2):109-10.”}],”p”:[“Phalen”],”req”:””},”froment”:{“n”:”Jules Froment”,”d”:”1878 to 1946″,”r”:”French neurologist, Lyon”,”sub”:”Froment sign, 1915″,”wiki”:”Jules Froment”,”why”:[“Froment described how patients with ulnar nerve palsy hold a sheet of paper between the thumb and the side of the index finger. As the paper is pulled, the thumb interphalangeal joint flexes strongly.”,”Adductor pollicis, supplied by the ulnar nerve, is weak, so the patient substitutes flexor pollicis longus, supplied by the median nerve. He published the sign, which he called the thumb sign, in 1915 from his wartime work on nerve injuries.”,”Breeman had described the sign in 1904 in a patient with injury to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, but Froment’s account made it a standard test and carried the name.”],”pub”:[“Froment J. La préhension dans les paralysies du nerf cubital et le signe du pouce. Presse Med. 1915;23:409.”],”work”:[“Born in Lyon in 1878 and began medical studies there in 1899″,”Interne des hôpitaux de Lyon from 1901, completed his thesis in 1906 and became professeur agrégé in 1913″,”Worked with Joseph Babinski at the Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris during the First World War”,”Returned to Lyon in 1918, led services at the Croix-Rousse and the Hôtel-Dieu, and became professor of medicine in 1937″,”Retired in 1945 and died in Lyon in 1946″],”facts”:[“Froment manoeuvre in Parkinson disease, where wrist rigidity increases when the other limb moves, also carries his name”,”With Babinski he wrote a controversial book on hysteria and reflex nervous disorders in war neurology”,”Babinski-Froment syndrome describes vasomotor and trophic changes after limb trauma”,”In 1926 a delirious patient stabbed him in the chest, and his surgical colleagues saved his life”],”pearl”:”Hyperextension of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint during the same pinch is the Jeanne sign. Both point to weakness of adductor pollicis and the first dorsal interosseous.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Whonamedit. Froment’s sign.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1970.html”},{“t”:”Wikipédia. Jules Froment.”,”u”:”https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Froment”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Froment’s sign.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froment_sign”}],”p”:[“Froment”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-froment.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, CC0″},”wartenberg”:{“n”:”Robert Wartenberg”,”d”:”1887 to 1956″,”r”:”German American neurologist, Freiburg and San Francisco”,”sub”:”Wartenberg syndrome, 1932, and Wartenberg sign, 1939″,”wiki”:”Robert Wartenberg”,”why”:[“In 1932, in Freiburg, Wartenberg described isolated neuritis of the superficial branch of the radial nerve, which he called cheiralgia paraesthetica. It gives pain and paraesthesia over the dorsoradial hand, often after a tight watch strap, bracelet or handcuffs.”,”In 1939, in San Francisco, he described a sign of ulnar palsy, in which the little finger rests in abduction and the patient cannot adduct it to the ring finger.”,”Both terms carry his name because he gave the first clear descriptions. His name also attaches to the pinwheel, although he said it was already in use in Europe.”],”pub”:[“Wartenberg R. Cheiralgia paraesthetica (isolierte Neuritis des Ramus superficialis nervi radialis). Z Ges Neurol Psychiatr. 1932;141(1):145-55.”,”Wartenberg R. A sign of ulnar palsy. JAMA. 1939;112(17):1688.”],”work”:[“Born in Grodno, then part of the Russian Empire, on 19 June 1887″,”Studied at Kiel, Munich and Freiburg and graduated from Rostock in 1919, then trained under Nonne and Foerster”,”Rockefeller travelling fellow from 1925 to 1926, including time with Harvey Cushing in Boston”,”Professor of neurology at Freiburg until dismissed under Nazi laws, then joined the University of California, San Francisco in 1936″,”Clinical professor from 1952, retired in 1954 and died in San Francisco in 1956″],”facts”:[“He wrote more than 150 papers and books on reflexes, hemifacial spasm and diagnostic tests”,”He sent his final book to the publisher two hours before he died”,”A founder of the American Academy of Neurology, which holds an annual Robert Wartenberg Lecture”,”He also described migratory sensory neuropathy and the pendulum test of the legs”],”pearl”:”The Wartenberg sign comes from unopposed pull of extensor digiti minimi against weak ulnar innervated interossei. In Wartenberg syndrome the superficial radial nerve is compressed between brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Robert Wartenberg.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wartenberg”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Cheiralgia paresthetica.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheiralgia_paresthetica”},{“t”:”Lanzetta M, Foucher G. Entrapment of the superficial branch of the radial nerve (Wartenberg’s syndrome). Int Orthop. 1993;17(6):342-5.”},{“t”:”Physiopedia. Wartenberg’s sign.”,”u”:”https://www.physio-pedia.com/Wartenberg%27s_sign”}],”p”:[“Wartenberg”],”req”:””},”finkelstein”:{“n”:”Harry Finkelstein”,”d”:”1883 to 1975″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, New York”,”sub”:”Finkelstein test, 1930″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1930 Finkelstein reviewed the literature on stenosing tenosynovitis at the radial styloid and reported 24 operated cases. He noted how often the condition was misdiagnosed as rheumatism, neuritis or tuberculosis.”,”His test was to grasp the patient’s thumb and quickly deviate the hand to the ulnar side. He called the pain over the styloid probably the most pathognomonic objective sign.”,”The test usually taught under his name, with the thumb clenched inside the fist before ulnar deviation, is the Eichhoff test of 1927. Elliott pointed out the mix up in 1992, noting that the Eichhoff version hurts in many normal wrists.”],”pub”:[“Finkelstein H. Stenosing tendovaginitis at the radial styloid process. J Bone Joint Surg. 1930;12:509-40.”],”work”:[“Born in Ekaterinoslav, Russian Empire, now Dnipro in Ukraine, and moved to New York as a child in 1888″,”Graduated MD from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904″,”Joined the founding staff of the Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, in 1906 and was chief of its orthopaedic service from 1924″,”Chief of orthopaedic surgery at Trinity Hospital, Brooklyn, from 1927″,”Retired in 1939 after a coronary occlusion and died in Tarrytown, New York, in 1975″],”facts”:[“Many sources give his dates as 1865 to 1939. His New York Times obituary records his death in 1975, aged 91″,”With Mayer he wrote an early paper on the arthroscope in 1931″,”With E J Haboush he reported leg lengthening with a stabilising frame in 1932, decades before Ilizarov”,”A 2005 survey found that only about one in ten orthopaedic surgeons described the test as Finkelstein did”],”pearl”:”Finkelstein’s own manoeuvre, thumb grasped and wrist ulnar deviated, gives fewer false positives than the Eichhoff thumb in fist test. Pain is felt over the first dorsal compartment.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Harry Finkelstein.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/harry-finkelstein/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Finkelstein test.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/finkelstein-test/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Finkelstein’s test.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkelstein%27s_test”}],”p”:[“Finkelstein”],”req”:””},”dequervain”:{“n”:”Fritz de Quervain”,”d”:”1868 to 1940″,”r”:”Swiss surgeon, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Basel and Bern”,”sub”:”de Quervain tenosynovitis, 1895″,”wiki”:”Fritz de Quervain”,”why”:[“In 1895 de Quervain described patients with painful chronic tenosynovitis of the first dorsal compartment at the radial styloid, without crepitus. Release of the sheath relieved their symptoms.”,”In 1912 he reported eight more operated cases and described the compartment as too narrow for its two tendons, abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.”,”Earlier writers including Velpeau and Tillaux had described painful crepitant tenosynovitis of the thumb tendons, and Gray’s Anatomy of 1893 called it washerwoman’s sprain. De Quervain separated the chronic stenosing form from these, so it carries his name.”],”pub”:[“de Quervain F. Ueber eine Form von chronischer Tendovaginitis. Correspondenz-Blatt für Schweizer Aerzte. 1895;25:389-94.”,”de Quervain F. Über das Wesen und die Behandlung der stenosierenden Tendovaginitis am Processus styloideus radii. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1912;59:5-6.”],”work”:[“Born in Sion, Valais, Switzerland, on 4 May 1868″,”Qualified in medicine at the University of Bern in 1892 and was surgical assistant to Theodor Kocher”,”Surgeon at La Chaux-de-Fonds from 1895 to 1910″,”Chair of surgery at the University of Basel from 1910″,”Succeeded Kocher as professor of surgery at the Inselspital, Bern, in 1918, and retired in 1938″],”facts”:[“De Quervain thyroiditis, a painful subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, was his second famous description, in 1902″,”He introduced iodised table salt in the treatment of thyroid disease”,”His textbook of special surgical diagnosis ran to several editions and was translated into English”,”An operating table he helped design won the Grand Prix at the 1914 Paris exhibition”],”pearl”:”Extensor pollicis brevis often lies in its own subcompartment, and missing it is a cause of failed release. Protect the branches of the superficial radial nerve during surgery.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Fritz de Quervain.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/fritz-de-quervain/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. De Quervain disease.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/de-quervain-disease/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Fritz de Quervain.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_de_Quervain”}],”p”:[“[Dd]e Quervain”,”Quervain”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-dequervain.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”trendelenburg”:{“n”:”Friedrich Trendelenburg”,”d”:”1844 to 1924″,”r”:”German surgeon, Rostock, Bonn and Leipzig”,”sub”:”Trendelenburg sign and gait, 1895″,”wiki”:”Friedrich Trendelenburg”,”why”:[“In 1895, studying the gait of patients with congenital dislocation of the hip, Trendelenburg noted that when the patient stood on the affected leg, the pelvis dropped on the opposite side.”,”The drop reflects failure of the hip abductors, gluteus medius and minimus, to hold the pelvis level over the stance leg.”,”The sign now applies to any cause of abductor weakness, and the swaying gait that results is called Trendelenburg gait.”],”pub”:[“Trendelenburg F. Über den Gang bei angeborener Hüftgelenksluxation. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1895;21:21-4.”],”work”:[“Born in Berlin on 24 May 1844, son of the philosopher Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg”,”Studied in Glasgow and Edinburgh, then graduated MD in Berlin in 1866 and was assistant to Bernhard von Langenbeck”,”Professor of surgery at Rostock from 1875 and at Bonn from 1882″,”Professor of surgery at Leipzig from 1895, retiring in 1911″,”A founder of the German Surgical Society in 1872″],”facts”:[“The Trendelenburg position, head down with the pelvis raised, came from his work on pelvic surgery around 1890″,”He described a test of saphenous vein valve competence and ligation of the great saphenous vein for varicose veins”,”He attempted pulmonary embolectomy in 1907. His pupil Martin Kirschner did the first successful one in 1924, shortly before Trendelenburg died”,”His inflatable tampon cannula of 1871 protected the airway from blood during operations on the mouth and larynx”],”pearl”:”In a positive test the pelvis drops on the side of the lifted leg, so the weak abductors are on the stance side. A compensated gait shifts the trunk over the stance hip.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Friedrich Trendelenburg.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/friedrich-trendelenburg/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Friedrich Trendelenburg.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Trendelenburg”}],”p”:[“Trendelenburg”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-trendelenburg.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”lachman”:{“n”:”John W Lachman”,”d”:”1919 to 2007″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Philadelphia”,”sub”:”Lachman test, 1976″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Lachman taught his residents at Temple University to test the anterior cruciate ligament with the knee in slight flexion, pulling the tibia forwards while holding the femur.”,”Joseph Torg, whom Lachman had mentored, published the test in 1976 and named it after him. Lachman was reportedly annoyed by the attention.”,”The test had been described before. Georges Noulis gave the same manoeuvre in his Paris thesis in 1875, and Sterling Ritchey described it in 1960.”],”pub”:[“Torg JS, Conrad W, Kalen V. Clinical diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament instability in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1976;4(2):84-93.”],”work”:[“Born in Philadelphia on 18 September 1919″,”Graduated in medicine from Temple University School of Medicine”,”Professor and Chairman of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Temple University, Philadelphia”,”Retired from practice in 1998 and died in 2007″],”facts”:[“Colleagues knew him as Latch”,”Gurtler, Stine and Torg quantified the test in 1987″,”He passed the test on to students and residents but never published it himself”,”A tribute in Healio described him as a modest man who shunned the limelight”],”pearl”:”The Lachman test is done at 20 to 30 degrees of flexion and is the most sensitive clinical test for an acute ACL tear. Note the amount of translation and whether the end point is firm or soft.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. John W Lachman.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/john-w-lachman/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Lachman test.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/lachman-test/”},{“t”:”Healio. New year offers a time for reflection.”,”u”:”https://cm.healio.com/news/orthopedics/20200408/new-year-offers-a-time-for-reflection”}],”p”:[“Lachman”],”req”:””},”mcmurray”:{“n”:”Thomas Porter McMurray”,”d”:”1887 to 1949″,”r”:”Northern Irish orthopaedic surgeon, Liverpool”,”sub”:”McMurray test, 1928″,”wiki”:”Thomas Porter McMurray”,”why”:[“McMurray described a test for a tear of the posterior part of the meniscus. The knee is fully flexed and the tibia rotated, then the knee is extended, and a click felt at the joint line marks the torn fragment.”,”He first published it in 1928 in the Robert Jones Birthday Volume and refined it in later papers, including The semilunar cartilages in 1942.”,”Many variations of the test are now taught under his name.”],”pub”:[“McMurray TP. The diagnosis of internal derangements of the knee. In: The Robert Jones Birthday Volume. London: Oxford University Press; 1928. p. 301-6.”,”McMurray TP. The semilunar cartilages. Br J Surg. 1942;29:407-14.”],”work”:[“Born in Belfast on 5 December 1887 and qualified at Queen’s University Belfast in 1910″,”House surgeon to Sir Robert Jones in Liverpool from 1911″,”Served in the RAMC and at the Alder Hey military orthopaedic hospital in the First World War”,”Succeeded Robert Jones as director of orthopaedic studies in Liverpool and became the city’s first professor of orthopaedic surgery”,”President of the British Orthopaedic Association, and President-elect of the British Medical Association when he died in 1949″],”facts”:[“He devised a displacement osteotomy of the proximal femur for osteoarthritis of the hip”,”He was known for speed and could remove a meniscus in about five minutes”,”His rooms and records were destroyed in a German air raid on Liverpool in 1941″,”He died suddenly at a London railway station on his way to visit his son in South Africa”],”pearl”:”External rotation of the tibia tests the medial meniscus and internal rotation tests the lateral meniscus. A painful click at the joint line is positive, and pain alone is less specific.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Thomas Porter McMurray.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/thomas-porter-mcmurray/”},{“t”:”Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Thomas Porter McMurray.”,”u”:”https://archiveandlibrary.rcsed.ac.uk/surgeon/4024226-thomas-porter-mcmurray”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Thomas Porter McMurray.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Porter_McMurray”}],”p”:[“McMurray”],”req”:””},”apley”:{“n”:”Alan Graham Apley”,”d”:”1914 to 1996″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, Pyrford and London”,”sub”:”Apley grind test, 1947, and Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures, 1959″,”wiki”:”Alan Graham Apley”,”why”:[“In 1947 Apley described new clinical methods for meniscal injury. With the patient prone and the knee flexed to 90 degrees, the tibia is rotated while pressed down on the femur, then rotated while pulled up.”,”Pain on compression with rotation points to a meniscal tear, while pain on distraction points to a ligament injury.”,”His textbook, first published in 1959, grew out of his teaching and carries his name in later editions written with Louis Solomon and others.”],”pub”:[“Apley AG. The diagnosis of meniscus injuries. Some new clinical methods. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1947;29(1):78-84.”],”work”:[“Born in London on 10 November 1914, son of a Jewish immigrant tailor from Poland”,”Qualified MBBS at University College Hospital in 1938 and FRCS in 1941, then served in the RAMC in West Africa, India and Gibraltar”,”Consultant orthopaedic surgeon at the Rowley Bristow Orthopaedic Hospital, Pyrford, from 1947″,”Director of Orthopaedics at St Thomas’ Hospital, London, from 1972″,”Editor of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British volume), and died in 1996″],”facts”:[“His Pyrford FRCS course, the Apley Course, trained more than 5,000 surgeons, with satellite courses in New York and Toronto”,”He designed one of the first purpose built accident and emergency departments, at St Peter’s Hospital, Chertsey”,”Vice President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England from 1983 to 1985″,”Past President and treasurer of the British Orthopaedic Association”],”pearl”:”Do the test prone with the knee at 90 degrees. Compression pain suggests a meniscal tear, and distraction pain suggests collateral ligament injury.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Alan Apley.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/alan-graham-apley/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Alan Graham Apley.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Graham_Apley”},{“t”:”Royal College of Surgeons of England. Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Apley, Alan Graham (1914 to 1996).”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E007793b.htm”}],”p”:[“Apley”],”req”:””},”simmonds”:{“n”:”Franklin Adin Simmonds and Theodore Campbell Thompson”,”d”:”1910 to 1983 and 1902 to 1986″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, Surrey, and American orthopaedic surgeon, New York”,”sub”:”Simmonds test, 1957, and Thompson test, 1962″,”wiki”:”Franklin Adin Simmonds”,”why”:[“With the patient prone and the feet over the end of the couch, squeezing the calf normally plantarflexes the foot. If the foot does not move, the Achilles tendon is ruptured. Simmonds also noted that the injured foot rests in less equinus than the other side.”,”Simmonds was first into print, in The Practitioner in 1957. Thompson had seen the same finding in a patient in 1955 and published it in 1962, adding cadaver work. The two men worked independently, so the test carries both names.”],”pub”:[“Simmonds FA. The diagnosis of the ruptured Achilles tendon. Practitioner. 1957;179(1069):56-8. PMID 13453094.”,”Thompson TC, Doherty JH. Spontaneous rupture of tendon of Achilles. A new clinical diagnostic test. J Trauma. 1962;2:126-9. PMID 13920945.”],”work”:[“Simmonds, known as Sam, studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and St Thomas’s Hospital, qualifying in 1935 and gaining the FRCS in 1939″,”Simmonds was chief assistant to Rowley Bristow at St Thomas’s, then commanded army base hospitals in North Africa, Sicily, France and the Far East”,”Simmonds was consultant at the Rowley Bristow Orthopaedic Hospital, Pyrford, with Alan Apley from 1946, and at the Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, from 1951 until he retired in 1975″,”Thompson was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, trained at Johns Hopkins and was resident surgeon at the Wingfield Morris Orthopaedic Hospital, Oxford, in 1934″,”Thompson was Surgeon-in-Chief of the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, from 1955 to 1963 and President of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in 1954″],”facts”:[“Simmonds won a golf Blue at Cambridge, and colleagues linked his golf to his reputation for surgical craftsmanship”,”Thompson’s own left arm was caught in a steel mill planer in 1923. A local orthopaedic surgeon saved it after amputation had been advised”,”Thompson ran the army amputation centre at Walter Reed during the Second World War”,”Scott and al Chalabi explained the mechanics of the test in 1992. A positive result means the rupture is complete or nearly so”],”pearl”:”Many patients can still plantarflex actively using tibialis posterior and the long toe flexors, so active plantarflexion does not exclude a rupture. Record whether calf squeeze produces plantarflexion, since the words positive and negative are used both ways.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Simmonds-Thompson test.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/simmonds-thompson-test/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Franklin Adin Simmonds.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/franklin-adin-simmonds/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Theodore Campbell Thompson.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/theodore-campbell-thompson/”},{“t”:”Royal College of Surgeons of England. Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Simmonds, Franklin Adin.”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E007618b.htm”}],”p”:[“Simmonds”,”Thompson(?:[’’]s)? (?:test|squeeze)”],”req”:””},”ortolani”:{“n”:”Marino Ortolani”,”d”:”1904 to 1983″,”r”:”Italian paediatrician, Ferrara”,”sub”:”Ortolani test, 1937″,”wiki”:”Marino Ortolani”,”why”:[“Ortolani described a palpable snap as a dislocated infant hip slips back into the acetabulum when the flexed hip is gently abducted. His Italian word for it was scatto, a snap.”,”In January 1935 the mother of twins told him she felt a click when she spread her baby’s thighs during bathing. X-rays showed the hip was dysplastic. Over the next 18 months he found the same sign in 31 more children, all with dysplasia on X-ray.”,”He presented the work in Ferrara in 1936 and published it in a small Italian journal, La Pediatria, in 1937. Earlier writers had felt the same jerk, including Wilhelm Roser in 1870 and Pierre Le Damany in 1912, but Ortolani showed its value for early diagnosis.”],”pub”:[“Ortolani M. Un segno poco noto e sua importanza per la diagnosi precoce di prelussazione congenita dell’anca. Pediatria (Napoli). 1937;45:129-36.”,”Ortolani M. La lussazione congenita dell’anca. Nuovi criteri diagnostici e profilattico-correttivi. Bologna: Cappelli; 1948.”],”work”:[“Born in Altedo, near Bologna, and studied medicine at the University of Bologna”,”Joined the Provincial Institute for Children in Ferrara in July 1929″,”Served as a medical captain on the Russian front in the Second World War”,”Set up a hip dysplasia clinic in Ferrara, studied the pathoanatomy of the infant hip and designed braces for treatment”,”Awarded the silver medal for public health merit in 1974″],”facts”:[“He credited the discovery partly to the mother who described the click while bathing her twins”,”He was one of the first in Italy to let mothers stay on the children’s ward day and night”,”Thomas Barlow later noted that the work had appeared in a little known Italian paediatric journal, and built his own test on it”,”Mubarak retraced Ortolani’s life and original method in a 2015 history, In search of Ortolani”],”pearl”:”Ortolani reduces a dislocated hip and Barlow dislocates a reducible one. Both become unreliable after about three months as soft tissues tighten, when limited abduction becomes the main sign.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Mubarak SJ. In search of Ortolani. The man and the method. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35(2):210-6. PMID 25197944.”},{“t”:”Stecco C, Porzionato A, Macchi V, Fantoni I, Ortolani L, De Caro R. Marino Ortolani. Does that baby’s hip go click? Perspect Biol Med. 2014;57(4):538-46. PMID 26497240.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Marino Ortolani.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/marino-ortolani/”}],”p”:[“Ortolani”],”req”:””},”barlow”:{“n”:”Thomas Geoffrey Barlow”,”d”:”1915 to 1975″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, Salford”,”sub”:”Barlow test, 1962″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Barlow examined every baby born at Hope Hospital, Salford, and found that Ortolani’s test missed some unstable newborn hips. A dislocated head could slide over the acetabular rim without a detectable click.”,”He split the examination into two parts. Forward pressure with abduction reduced a dislocated hip, as Ortolani had done. Backward and outward pressure on the adducted hip showed a hip that was in joint but could be dislocated.”,”He presented the work to the British Orthopaedic Association in Manchester in April 1961 and published it in 1962, based on more than 7,000 newborns.”],”pub”:[“Barlow TG. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1962;44-B(2):292-301.”,”Barlow TG. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Proc R Soc Med. 1963;56:804-6. PMID 14080075.”],”work”:[“Born in Eccles and educated at Manchester Grammar School”,”BSc in anatomy in 1936 and MB ChB in 1939 from Victoria University, Manchester”,”Joined the RAF Medical Service in 1941, working mainly at RAF Hospital Rauceby”,”FRCS in 1949 and senior registrar in orthopaedics with the Salford hospitals”,”Consultant orthopaedic surgeon to the Ashton, Hyde and Glossop hospitals from 1951 and to the Salford group from 1952″],”facts”:[“He designed a splint for use in the first week of life and ran an annual follow-up clinic for every case”,”By 1963 he had examined nearly 12,000 newborns. About 1 in 60 had an unstable hip, and most stabilised without treatment in the first week”,”He sailed at Rhyl and was honorary medical officer to the lifeboat station there”,”Colleagues described him as shy and reserved, with firm views on the National Health Service”],”pearl”:”Barlow is a provocative test of a reducible hip, so a positive result means instability, not dislocation. Ultrasound is the imaging of choice before the femoral head ossifies.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Royal College of Surgeons of England. Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Barlow, Thomas Geoffrey.”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E006302b.htm”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Thomas Geoffrey Barlow.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/thomas-geoffrey-barlow/”}],”p”:[“Barlow(?:[’’]s)? (?:test|manoeuvre|maneuver|sign)”],”req”:””},”spurling”:{“n”:”Roy Glenwood Spurling”,”d”:”1894 to 1968″,”r”:”American neurosurgeon, Louisville”,”sub”:”Spurling test, 1944″,”wiki”:”Roy Glenwood Spurling”,”why”:[“Spurling and William Scoville described lateral rupture of the cervical discs as a common cause of shoulder and arm pain. Tilting the head towards the painful side reproduced the radicular pain, pressure on top of the head made it worse and tilting away relieved it.”,”They regarded the manoeuvre as almost pathognomonic of a cervical intraspinal lesion. It narrows the intervertebral foramen and loads the compressed root.”],”pub”:[“Spurling RG, Scoville WB. Lateral rupture of the cervical intervertebral discs. A common cause of shoulder and arm pain. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1944;78:350-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Centralia, Missouri, and graduated BA and MA from the University of Missouri”,”MD with honours from Harvard Medical School in 1923, then interned under Harvey Cushing at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital”,”Founded the neurosurgical service at the University of Louisville in 1926 and led it until 1960″,”First Chief of Neurosurgery at Walter Reed General Hospital, then senior neurosurgical consultant to the European Theatre from 1944″,”Founding member and later president of the American Board of Neurological Surgery”],”facts”:[“In 1945 he was recalled to Europe to attend General George Patton after the car accident that led to his death”,”He edited the Journal of Neurosurgery during the Second World War”,”His textbook Practical Neurological Diagnosis ran to six editions from 1935 to 1960″,”Cushing’s example led him to choose neurosurgery”],”pearl”:”The test is specific but not sensitive for cervical radiculopathy, so a negative test does not exclude it. Do not perform it when instability is possible, such as after trauma or in rheumatoid arthritis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Shields CB, Shields LB. R. Glen Spurling. Surgeon, author, and neurosurgical visionary. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(6):1147-53. PMID 12066921.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Roy Glenwood Spurling.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/roy-glenwood-spurling/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Roy Glenwood Spurling.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Glenwood_Spurling”}],”p”:[“Spurling”],”req”:””},”lhermitte”:{“n”:”Jean Lhermitte”,”d”:”1877 to 1959″,”r”:”French neurologist and neuropsychiatrist, Paris”,”sub”:”Lhermitte sign, 1924″,”wiki”:”Jean Lhermitte”,”why”:[“Flexing the neck produces an electric shock sensation that runs down the spine and may shoot into the limbs. It points to a lesion of the dorsal columns in the cervical cord.”,”Pierre Marie and Charles Chatelin described the sensation first, in 1917, in patients with head injuries. Lhermitte wrote about painful forms of spinal cord concussion in 1920.”,”His 1924 paper with Bollak and Nicolas described the sign in multiple sclerosis, and this paper made it known. It reached the American literature around 1928 and his name stuck.”],”pub”:[“Lhermitte J, Bollak J, Nicolas M. Les douleurs à type de décharge électrique consécutives à la flexion céphalique dans la sclérose en plaques. Un cas de forme sensitive de la sclérose multiple. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1924;41(2):56-62.”,”Lhermitte J. Les formes douloureuses de la commotion de la moelle épinière. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1920.”],”work”:[“Born in Mont-Saint-Père, Aisne, the son of the realist painter Léon Lhermitte”,”Graduated in medicine in Paris in 1907 and specialised in neurology”,”Chef de clinique for nervous diseases in 1908 and chef de laboratoire in 1910″,”Studied spinal cord injuries in the First World War and became professeur agrégé in psychiatry in 1922″,”Later headed the Dejerine Foundation and was a clinical director at the Pitié-Salpêtrière”],”facts”:[“The sensation is also called the barber chair phenomenon”,”He described peduncular hallucinosis in 1922, and Lhermitte-Duclos disease is a dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum”,”A deeply religious man, he wrote on stigmata and possession, including Vrais et faux possédés in 1956″],”pearl”:”In an orthopaedic clinic, think of cervical spondylotic myelopathy as well as multiple sclerosis. Other causes include disc prolapse, cord tumour, radiation myelopathy and vitamin B12 deficiency.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Gutrecht JA. Lhermitte’s sign. From observation to eponym. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(5):557-8. PMID 2653292.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Jean Lhermitte.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jacques-jean-lhermitte”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Lhermitte’s sign.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhermitte%27s_sign”}],”p”:[“Lhermitte”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-lhermitte.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, CC0″},”hoffmann”:{“n”:”Johann Hoffmann”,”d”:”1857 to 1919″,”r”:”German neurologist, Heidelberg”,”sub”:”Hoffmann sign, 1911″,”wiki”:”Johann Hoffmann (neurologist)”,”why”:[“Flicking the nail of the middle finger makes the thumb and index finger flex in a patient with hyperreflexia. It is an upper motor neurone sign in the upper limb.”,”Hoffmann used the reflex in his teaching and clinical practice but never published it. His pupil Hans Curschmann wrote it up in 1911 and it became known as the Hoffmann sign.”],”pub”:[“Curschmann H. Über die diagnostische Bedeutung des Babinskischen Phänomen im präurämischen Zustand. Münch Med Wochenschr. 1911;58(39):2054-7.”],”work”:[“Born in Hahnheim, Rheinhessen, and schooled in Worms”,”Studied medicine at Heidelberg under Nikolaus Friedreich and Wilhelm Erb”,”Worked as Erb’s assistant in neurology and later succeeded him at Heidelberg”,”Full professor of medicine in 1910 and of neuropathology in 1919, and regarded as Germany’s first pure neurologist”],”facts”:[“Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, now spinal muscular atrophy type 1, carries his name for his accounts from 1893″,”Hoffmann syndrome is the muscle stiffness and slowed relaxation of hypothyroid myopathy”,”He helped separate myotonic dystrophy from myotonia congenita”,”Bendheim traced the history of the sign in 1937″],”pearl”:”A positive Hoffmann sign in a patient with neck pain or clumsy hands should prompt assessment for cervical myelopathy. It can be present in healthy people with brisk reflexes, so asymmetry carries more weight.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Johann Hoffmann.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/johann-hoffmann/”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Hoffmann’s reflex.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1560.html”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Johann Hoffmann (neurologist).”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hoffmann_(neurologist)”}],”p”:[“Hoffmann(?:[’’]s)? (?:sign|reflex)”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-hoffmann.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”babinski”:{“n”:”Joseph Babinski”,”d”:”1857 to 1932″,”r”:”French neurologist, Paris”,”sub”:”Babinski sign, 1896″,”wiki”:”Joseph Babinski”,”why”:[“Stroking the sole normally flexes the toes. Babinski showed that after damage to the pyramidal tract the great toe extends instead.”,”He reported this phenomène des orteils to the Société de Biologie in Paris in 1896 in a note of 26 lines. In 1903 he added fanning of the other toes as a less specific but useful companion sign.”,”He used the sign to separate organic hemiplegia from hysterical paralysis, a lifelong interest.”],”pub”:[“Babinski J. Sur le réflexe cutané plantaire dans certaines affections organiques du système nerveux central. C R Soc Biol (Paris). 1896;48:207-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Paris to Polish parents who had fled Russian repression in Warsaw”,”MD from the University of Paris in 1884 with a thesis on multiple sclerosis”,”Chief resident under Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière from 1885 to 1887″,”Moved to the Hôpital de la Pitié in 1895 and stayed until he retired in 1922″,”Co-founded the Société de Neurologie de Paris in 1899 and was its president in 1925″],”facts”:[“Freud described him as Charcot’s favourite pupil, and he appears in Brouillet’s painting A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière”,”His brother Henri, an engineer, wrote a classic French cookbook under the pen name Ali-Bab. The brothers lived together”,”He introduced the term anosognosia in 1914 and also described dysdiadochokinesis and asynergia”,”He co-wrote a play, Les détraquées, under the pseudonym Olaf. It opened in Paris in 1921″],”pearl”:”An extensor plantar response is normal in infants before they walk. In an adult it is an upper motor neurone sign, and with neck or back symptoms it should prompt a search for cord compression.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Joseph Babinski.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/joseph-babinski/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Joseph Babinski.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Babinski”}],”p”:[“Babinski”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-babinski.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”romberg”:{“n”:”Moritz Heinrich Romberg”,”d”:”1795 to 1873″,”r”:”German neurologist, Berlin”,”sub”:”Romberg sign, 1846″,”wiki”:”Moritz Heinrich Romberg”,”why”:[“Romberg described patients with tabes dorsalis who stood steadily with their eyes open but began to totter and sway as soon as they closed them. He called it pathognomonic and wrote that he had never found it absent in tabes.”,”The account appeared in his Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen, published in parts from 1840 to 1846, the first systematic textbook of neurology.”,”Marshall Hall and Bernardus Brach also described loss of balance in the dark in the same period. Romberg and Brach linked it to tabes, and Romberg’s name stuck.”],”pub”:[“Romberg MH. Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen. Berlin: Duncker; 1840-6.”,”Romberg MH. A manual of the nervous diseases of man. Sieveking EH, translator. London: Sydenham Society; 1853.”],”work”:[“Born in Meiningen, Saxe-Meiningen, to a Jewish family”,”Studied medicine at the University of Berlin from 1812 and graduated MD in 1817 with a thesis on achondroplasia”,”Studied in Vienna under Johann Peter Frank, then worked in Berlin as physician to the poor from 1820″,”Directed the cholera hospital in the Berlin epidemics of 1831 and 1837″,”Directed the Royal Outpatient Department at the Charité from 1842 to 1864 and became full professor in 1845″],”facts”:[“The Howship-Romberg sign is pain down the medial thigh from an obturator hernia compressing the obturator nerve”,”Parry-Romberg syndrome is progressive atrophy of one side of the face”,”His nephew Eduard Henoch gave his name to Henoch-Schönlein purpura”,”He dedicated the Lehrbuch to Alexander von Humboldt and translated Charles Bell’s work on the nervous system”],”pearl”:”The Romberg test examines proprioception. A patient with cerebellar ataxia is unsteady with the eyes open, while a positive Romberg suggests dorsal column or large fibre sensory loss, as in cervical myelopathy.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Lanska DJ. The Romberg sign and early instruments for measuring postural sway. Semin Neurol. 2002;22(4):409-18. PMID 12539062.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Moritz Heinrich Romberg.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/moritz-heinrich-romberg/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Moritz Heinrich Romberg.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Heinrich_Romberg”}],”p”:[“Romberg”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-romberg.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”kanavel”:{“n”:”Allen Buckner Kanavel”,”d”:”1874 to 1938″,”r”:”American surgeon, Chicago”,”sub”:”Kanavel signs, 1912″,”wiki”:”Allen B. Kanavel”,”why”:[“In his 1912 monograph Infections of the Hand, Kanavel gave three cardinal signs of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis. Exquisite tenderness confined to the sheath, a flexed posture of the finger and severe pain on extending the finger, worst at the proximal end.”,”He also wrote that the whole finger was uniformly swollen, though he did not list this as a cardinal sign. Fusiform swelling was later accepted as the fourth sign.”,”The book mapped the fascial spaces of the hand and is regarded as a milestone of hand surgery. It ran to several editions, the sixth in 1933.”],”pub”:[“Kanavel AB. Infections of the hand. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1912.”],”work”:[“Born in Sedgwick, Kansas”,”Graduated from Northwestern University School of Medicine in 1899, then spent six months in Vienna”,”Worked at Cook County Hospital and in the surgery department at Northwestern, becoming professor of surgery in 1919″,”Founded the Department of Neurological Surgery at Northwestern in 1920 and chaired it”,”Served in the Surgeon General’s office and in France in 1918, and later edited Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics”],”facts”:[“He died in a car accident near Mojave, California, in 1938. His two adopted sons, on a fishing trip with him, escaped largely unhurt”,”His practice spanned hand surgery and neurosurgery”,”Kennedy and colleagues found in 2017 that sheath tenderness and pain on passive extension best separated flexor sheath infection from other finger infections”],”pearl”:”Pain on passive extension is the most useful early sign. Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis needs urgent antibiotics and, if it does not settle quickly, surgical drainage and irrigation of the sheath.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Kennedy CD, Huang JI, Hanel DP. In brief. Kanavel’s signs and pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(1):280-4. PMID 26022113.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Allen B. Kanavel.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_B._Kanavel”},{“t”:”Hand Surgery Resource. Kanavel’s sign.”,”u”:”https://handsurgeryresource.net/kanavels-sign”}],”p”:[“Kanavel”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-kanavel.png”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”allen”:{“n”:”Edgar Van Nuys Allen”,”d”:”1900 to 1961″,”r”:”American vascular physician, Mayo Clinic, Rochester”,”sub”:”Allen test, 1929″,”wiki”:”Edgar Van Nuys Allen”,”why”:[“Allen devised a bedside test of radial and ulnar artery patency while studying thromboangiitis obliterans with George Brown at the Mayo Clinic. He was not content to rely on feeling the pulses.”,”After the arteries are compressed and the patient clenches the fist, the hand blanches. Watching the colour return when one artery is released shows whether that vessel fills the hand through the palmar arches.”,”His 1929 paper aimed at occlusions distal to the wrist. Irving Wright later adapted it into the modified Allen test, releasing one artery at a time, which is the version used today.”],”pub”:[“Allen EV. Thromboangiitis obliterans. Methods of diagnosis of chronic occlusive arterial lesions distal to the wrist with illustrative cases. Am J Med Sci. 1929;178(2):237-44.”],”work”:[“Born in Cozad, Nebraska, and graduated BSc and MA in 1923 and MD in 1925 from the University of Nebraska”,”Trained at the Mayo Clinic from 1925 and studied in Munich and London as a National Research Council Fellow in 1929″,”Joined the Mayo Clinic staff in 1930 and became professor of medicine”,”Served in the US Army Medical Corps from 1942 to 1946, rising to colonel”,”President of the American Heart Association in 1955″],”facts”:[“He reported on the clinical use of dicoumarol in 1941 and shared the 1960 Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award”,”With Edgar Hines he described lipoedema of the legs in 1940″,”His textbook Peripheral Vascular Diseases first appeared in 1946″,”The test was adopted in the 1950s before radial artery cannulation and later before radial artery harvest”],”pearl”:”Use the modified Allen test before radial forearm flap harvest or radial artery cannulation. Persistent pallor after releasing the ulnar artery suggests an incomplete palmar arch, so the radial artery should be preserved.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Appio MR, Swan KG. Edgar Van Nuys Allen. The test was only the beginning. Ann Vasc Surg. 2011;25(2):294-8.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Edgar Van Nuys Allen.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/edgar-van-nuys-allen/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Edgar Van Nuys Allen.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Van_Nuys_Allen”}],”p”:[“Allen(?:[’’]s)? [Tt]est”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-allen.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”gowers”:{“n”:”Sir William Gowers”,”d”:”1845 to 1915″,”r”:”English neurologist, London”,”sub”:”Gowers sign, 1879″,”wiki”:”William Gowers (neurologist)”,”why”:[“A child with proximal weakness rises from the floor by turning prone, placing the hands on the floor and then climbing up the thighs with the hands to push the trunk upright.”,”Gowers described the manoeuvre in a lecture at Queen Square in July 1879 on pseudo-hypertrophic muscular paralysis, now Duchenne muscular dystrophy. He called it probably pathognomonic.”,”He gave Duchenne credit for first drawing attention to it. The eponym attached to Gowers because of his clear account.”],”pub”:[“Gowers WR. Pseudo-hypertrophic muscular paralysis. A clinical lecture. London: J. & A. Churchill; 1879.”],”work”:[“Born above his father’s bootmaking shop in Hackney, London”,”Apprenticed for three years to Thomas Simpson, a doctor in Coggeshall, Essex, from 1860″,”Worked as secretary to William Jenner and studied under Jenner and John Russell Reynolds”,”Registrar and then physician at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, from 1870 until 1910″,”Professor of Clinical Medicine at University College London from 1887 and knighted in 1897″],”facts”:[“His two volume Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System, 1886 to 1888, was known at Queen Square as the bible of neurology”,”He championed Pitman shorthand, used it for his case records and founded a Society of Medical Phonographers”,”He disliked eponyms and argued that names should not rest on accidents of discovery”,”His son Ernest Gowers wrote Plain Words, a classic guide to clear English”],”pearl”:”Gowers sign shows weakness of the hip extensors and is not specific to Duchenne dystrophy. In a boy with a waddling gait and calf enlargement, check the creatine kinase.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Gowers sign.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/gowers-sign/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. William Gowers.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/william-gowers/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. William Gowers (neurologist).”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gowers_(neurologist)”}],”p”:[“Gowers”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-gowers.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”jobe”:{“n”:”Frank Jobe”,”d”:”1925 to 2014″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Los Angeles”,”sub”:”Jobe empty can test, 1982, and Tommy John surgery, 1974″,”wiki”:”Frank Jobe”,”why”:[“Jobe and Moynes described testing supraspinatus with the arm elevated 90 degrees in the scapular plane and fully internally rotated, thumb down, against downward pressure. Pain or weakness is a positive result. The position looks like emptying a can.”,”On 25 September 1974 Jobe reconstructed the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow of Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Tommy John, using a tendon graft. John won 164 games after the operation, more than before it.”,”Jobe waited two years before doing a second case and published his series in 1986. The operation is still called Tommy John surgery.”],”pub”:[“Jobe FW, Moynes DR. Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10(6):336-9. PMID 7180952.”,”Jobe FW, Stark H, Lombardo SJ. Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68(8):1158-63. PMID 3771597.”],”work”:[“Born in Greensboro, North Carolina”,”Medical staff sergeant with the 101st Airborne Division in the Second World War”,”MD from Loma Linda University in 1956, then general practice before orthopaedic residency at Los Angeles County Hospital”,”Co-founded the clinic that became the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic with Robert Kerlan in 1965″,”Team physician to the Los Angeles Dodgers from 1968, for about 40 years, and Clinical Professor at the University of Southern California”],”facts”:[“He landed by glider at Normandy and was briefly captured near Bastogne before escaping”,”He put Tommy John’s chance of returning to pitch at about 1 in 100 before the operation”,”Sandy Koufax asked why he had not done it on him. Jobe said it would then have been called Sandy Koufax surgery”,”He was honoured at the Baseball Hall of Fame induction weekend in Cooperstown in 2013″],”pearl”:”The full can test, with the thumb up, is as accurate as the empty can and less painful. Weakness is a more reliable sign of a tear than pain alone.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Frank Jobe.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Jobe”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Empty can test.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/empty-can-test”},{“t”:”Shoulderdoc. Empty can and full can test.”,”u”:”https://shoulderdoc.co.uk/article/748″}],”p”:[“Jobe”],”req”:””},”ober”:{“n”:”Frank Roberts Ober”,”d”:”1881 to 1960″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Boston”,”sub”:”Ober test, 1936″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Ober believed a tight iliotibial band and fascia lata caused many cases of low back pain and sciatica. He devised a test to show the contracture.”,”The patient lies on the good side. The examiner abducts and extends the upper hip with the knee flexed, steadies the pelvis, then lets the leg drop. If the leg stays abducted, the band is tight.”,”His theory of back pain did not last, but the test is still used to assess iliotibial band tightness.”],”pub”:[“Ober FR. The role of the iliotibial band and fascia lata as a factor in the causation of low-back disabilities and sciatica. J Bone Joint Surg. 1936;18:105-10.”],”work”:[“Graduated from Tufts, then practised general medicine and surgery in Maine for seven years”,”Became the first resident of the combined Children’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital orthopaedic programme in Boston”,”Director of the Harvard combined orthopaedic residency from 1930 to 1946, extending it to three years”,”Assistant Dean of Harvard Medical School for graduate courses”],”facts”:[“In 1933 he chaired an American Orthopaedic Association committee that surveyed orthopaedic residencies across the United States”,”He added fracture training to the Harvard residency in 1944″,”The modified Ober test keeps the knee extended and allows more hip adduction, so the two versions should not be used interchangeably”],”pearl”:”Keep the pelvis stable and the hip extended, or hip flexion lets the band slip forward and gives a false negative. A tight band is linked with iliotibial band friction syndrome and external snapping hip.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Herndon JH. History of HCORP. The Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program. Orthop J Harvard Med Sch. 2018;19:6-14.”,”u”:”https://orthojournalhms.org/19/article6_14.html”},{“t”:”Reese NB, Bandy WD. Use of an inclinometer to measure flexibility of the iliotibial band using the Ober test and the modified Ober test. Differences in magnitude and reliability of measurements. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33(6):326-30. PMID 12839207.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Ober test.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober_test”}],”p”:[“Ober(?:[’’]s)? test”],”req”:””},”perthes”:{“n”:”Arthur Legg, Jacques Calvé and Georg Perthes”,”d”:”1874 to 1939, 1875 to 1954 and 1869 to 1927″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Boston, French orthopaedic surgeon, Berck-sur-Mer, and German surgeon, Tübingen”,”sub”:”Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1910″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1910 three surgeons in three countries each separated a childhood hip disorder from tuberculosis, using the new X-rays. The femoral head flattened and fragmented, and the children recovered without the destruction of tuberculous hips.”,”Legg in Boston reported five cases and blamed a disturbed blood supply to the femoral head after injury. Calvé at Berck found 10 cases among radiographs of 500 children with presumed hip tuberculosis and suspected rickets. Perthes in Germany called it arthritis deformans juvenilis.”,”Karel Maydl had described it in 1897 and Henning Waldenström in 1909, though Waldenström thought it was tuberculous. His later term coxa plana was adopted by Calvé.”],”pub”:[“Legg AT. An obscure affection of the hip-joint. Boston Med Surg J. 1910;162:202-4. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;451:11-3.”,”Calvé J. Sur une forme particulière de pseudo-coxalgie greffée sur des déformations caractéristiques de l’extrémité supérieure du fémur. Rev Chir. 1910;42:54-84. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;(150):4-7.”,”Perthes G. Über Arthritis deformans juvenilis. Dtsch Z Chir. 1910;107:111-59.”],”work”:[“Legg was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, graduated MD from Harvard in 1900 and trained in Vienna under Lorenz”,”Legg worked at Boston Children’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital and was professor of orthopaedic surgery at Tufts from 1921″,”Calvé was born in Paris and worked at the Hôpital Maritime, Berck-sur-Mer, from 1906, becoming chief surgeon in 1925″,”Perthes was born in Moers, Prussia, graduated from Bonn in 1891 and trained under Friedrich Trendelenburg in Leipzig”,”Perthes served as a military surgeon in Qingdao, China, in 1900 and became head of surgery at Tübingen in 1910″],”facts”:[“Calvé disease, vertebra plana, is his 1925 account of collapse of a single vertebral body, now often due to eosinophilic granuloma”,”Perthes took his first X-rays of the condition in 1898 and used radiography to study bound feet in China”,”The Perthes test checks deep venous patency before varicose vein surgery”,”Calvé co-wrote a 1914 paper with Robert Osgood of Osgood-Schlatter disease”],”pearl”:”Older age at onset and greater collapse of the lateral pillar predict a worse result. Bilateral symmetrical changes at the same stage suggest multiple epiphyseal dysplasia or hypothyroidism.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Arthur Thornton Legg.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/arthur-thornton-legg/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Jacques Calvé.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jacques-calve/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Georg Perthes.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Perthes”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legg%E2%80%93Calv%C3%A9%E2%80%93Perthes_disease”}],”p”:[“Perthes”],”req”:””},”osgood”:{“n”:”Robert Osgood and Carl Schlatter”,”d”:”1873 to 1956 and 1864 to 1934″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Boston, and Swiss surgeon, Zurich”,”sub”:”Osgood-Schlatter disease, 1903″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Both men described painful partial separation of the tibial tubercle in active adolescents in 1903, working independently on either side of the Atlantic.”,”Osgood was then working as a radiographer at Boston Children’s Hospital. He reviewed 10 patients and noted that the lesion was often mistaken for bursitis or periostitis.”,”Schlatter, a trauma surgeon in Zurich, reported seven patients with injuries to the beak shaped process of the upper tibial epiphysis. The condition is now understood as a traction apophysitis of the tubercle.”],”pub”:[“Osgood RB. Lesions of the tibial tubercle occurring during adolescence. Boston Med Surg J. 1903;148:114-7. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(286):4-9. PMID 8425365.”,”Schlatter C. Verletzungen des schnabelförmigen Fortsatzes der oberen Tibiaepiphyse. Beitr Klin Chir. 1903;38:874-87.”],”work”:[“Osgood was born in Salem, Massachusetts, and graduated MD from Harvard Medical School”,”Osgood joined Massachusetts General Hospital and later led its orthopaedic service”,”Osgood became chief at Boston Children’s Hospital and John Ball and Buckminster Brown Professor at Harvard in 1922″,”Schlatter was born in Wallisellen, graduated from Zurich in 1889 and worked with Theodor Billroth in 1890″,”Schlatter was senior surgeon to Krönlein at the Zurich cantonal hospital and professor of surgery from 1923″],”facts”:[“Schlatter performed the first total gastrectomy in 1897″,”Osgood was the first director of the Harvard combined orthopaedic residency, from 1921 to 1930″,”Osgood was President of the American Orthopaedic Association in 1921 and received an honorary FRCS in 1943″,”Schlatter worked as a surgeon in prison camps and at the Stuttgart military hospital in the First World War”],”pearl”:”The condition settles when the tibial tubercle physis closes. A painful separate ossicle that persists into adulthood can be excised.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Royal College of Surgeons of England. Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Osgood, Robert Bayley.”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005226b.htm”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Robert Bayley Osgood.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/robert-bayley-osgood/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Carl Schlatter.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/carl-schlatter/”},{“t”:”Herndon JH. History of HCORP. The Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program. Orthop J Harvard Med Sch. 2018;19:6-14.”,”u”:”https://orthojournalhms.org/19/article6_14.html”}],”p”:[“Osgood-Schlatter”],”req”:””},”sindinglarsen”:{“n”:”Christian Sinding-Larsen and Sven Johansson”,”d”:”1866 to 1930 and 1880 to 1959″,”r”:”Norwegian physician, Oslo, and Swedish surgeon, Gothenburg”,”sub”:”Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome, 1921″,”wiki”:”Christian Magnus Sinding-Larsen”,”why”:[“Sinding-Larsen described children with pain at the lower pole of the patella and radiographs showing irregular ossification at the same site. He called it a hitherto unknown affection of the patella in children and published it in the first volume of Acta Radiologica in 1921.”,”Johansson, a surgeon in Gothenburg, reported a similar series independently a short time later. In 1932 Paul Greeley argued that Johansson had not known of the Norwegian paper and suggested the joint name, which has stayed with the condition.”,”It is now understood as a traction apophysitis where the patellar tendon arises from the inferior pole, the patellar counterpart of Osgood-Schlatter disease at the tibial tubercle.”],”pub”:[“Sinding-Larsen CMF. A hitherto unknown affection of the patella in children. Acta Radiol. 1921;1(2):171-3.”],”work”:[“Sinding-Larsen was born in Kristiania, now Oslo, and graduated in medicine in 1891″,”He was chief physician at Kysthospitalet in Stavern, a coastal hospital for children with tuberculosis, from 1892 to 1911″,”He took his doctorate in 1907 with a thesis on tuberculosis of the hip in children, and directed Rikshospitalet in Oslo from 1911 until his death”,”Johansson was born in Karlshamn, studied in Lund and Stockholm and worked at Sabbatsberg Hospital, Stockholm”,”Johansson became head physician in Gothenburg in 1914 and published across the whole of surgery”],”facts”:[“Sinding-Larsen died in 1930 of heart failure during a debate at the Norwegian Medical Society”,”A bust of Sinding-Larsen stands outside the main gate of the old Rikshospitalet”,”His brother Kristofer Sinding-Larsen was a painter and another brother, Holger, an architect”,”Sinding-Larsen was Vice-President of the Norwegian Red Cross from 1917 to 1922 and wrote the centenary history of Rikshospitalet in 1926″],”pearl”:”Pain and tenderness at the inferior pole of the patella in a jumping adolescent is usually Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome and settles with activity modification. An acute injury with loss of active extension suggests a patellar sleeve fracture instead.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Vanhoenacker FM, Pedersen R. History page. Leaders in MSK radiology. Chr. M. F. Sinding-Larsen, 1866-1930. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2020;24(3):332-4.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701497″},{“t”:”Bayomy AF, Forrester LA, Crowley SG, Popkin CA. Eponyms in pediatric sports medicine. A historical review. Open Access J Sports Med. 2021;12:11-22.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7814277/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Christian Magnus Sinding-Larsen.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Magnus_Sinding-Larsen”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Sven Christian Johansson.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2635.html”}],”p”:[“Sinding-Larsen”],”req”:””},”sever”:{“n”:”James Warren Sever”,”d”:”1878 to 1964″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Boston”,”sub”:”Sever disease, 1912″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Sever described children with painful heels and a persistent limp, together with radiographic changes in the calcaneal apophysis where the Achilles tendon inserts. He published the series as apophysitis of the os calcis in the New York Medical Journal in 1912.”,”The condition is now regarded as a traction apophysitis caused by repetitive loading of the growing heel, in the same family as Osgood-Schlatter and Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease.”],”pub”:[“Sever JW. Apophysitis of the os calcis. N Y Med J. 1912;95:1025-9.”],”work”:[“A New England native who trained at Harvard Medical School”,”Practised orthopaedic surgery at Harvard and Boston Children’s Hospital until he retired in 1951″,”Wrote on obstetric brachial plexus palsy and its treatment, including a long review in the Canadian Medical Association Journal in 1920″],”facts”:[“His name also appears in the Sever-L’Episcopo procedure, a soft tissue release and tendon transfer to improve shoulder external rotation after obstetric brachial plexus palsy”,”Joseph L’Episcopo published his tendon transfer in 1934, so the operation carries both names”],”pearl”:”Calcaneal apophysitis is the commonest cause of heel pain in the active child and settles with rest, stretching and heel raises. Sclerosis and fragmentation of the apophysis are normal on radiographs, so imaging is kept for atypical cases.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bayomy AF, Forrester LA, Crowley SG, Popkin CA. Eponyms in pediatric sports medicine. A historical review. Open Access J Sports Med. 2021;12:11-22.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7814277/”},{“t”:”Sitati FC, Kingori J. Chronic bilateral heel pain in a child with Sever disease. Case report and review of literature. Cases J. 2009;2:9365.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2805650/”},{“t”:”Mehlman CT, Koepplinger ME. Hyphenated history. The Sever-L’Episcopo procedure. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(5):533-6.”}],”p”:[“Sever\\b”],”req”:””},”freiberg”:{“n”:”Albert Henry Freiberg”,”d”:”1868 to 1940″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Cincinnati”,”sub”:”Freiberg infraction, 1914″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Freiberg described flattening and collapse of the second metatarsal head in six patients, presented in 1913 and published in 1914. He called it an infraction, meaning an incomplete fracture, and blamed acute or repeated trauma.”,”Alban Köhler of Wiesbaden described the same radiographic change briefly in 1915 and in detail in 1920, so it is also called Freiberg-Köhler disease or Köhler disease II. Freiberg has priority of publication.”,”In 1926 Freiberg returned to the subject, discussed Köhler’s work and accepted that simple trauma could not explain the whole picture. It is now classed as an osteochondrosis with subchondral osteonecrosis.”],”pub”:[“Freiberg AH. Infraction of the second metatarsal bone. A typical injury. Trans South Surg Gynecol Assoc. 1914;26:171-4.”,”Freiberg AH. The so-called infraction of the second metatarsal bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 1926;8:257-61.”],”work”:[“Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and graduated MD from the Medical College of Ohio in 1890″,”Studied in Würzburg, Strasbourg, Berlin, Vienna, Paris and London from 1890 to 1893″,”First head of orthopaedic surgery at the University of Cincinnati from 1902, retiring as Professor Emeritus in 1938″,”President of the American Orthopaedic Association in 1910 to 1911″,”Major in the US Army Medical Corps in the First World War and chief of orthopaedic surgery at Walter Reed Hospital”],”facts”:[“His first case, in 1903, was a 16-year-old girl with pain under the second metatarsal after playing tennis”,”He advised Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation for poliomyelitis rehabilitation”,”His son Joseph Albert Freiberg also became an orthopaedic surgeon and joined his practice”,”He wrote on the effects of child labour and factory posture on the growing skeleton, and was a skilled violinist”],”pearl”:”Freiberg infraction most often affects the second metatarsal head in adolescent girls. Early stages are treated with offloading, and later stages with debridement or dorsal closing wedge osteotomy.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Albert Henry Freiberg.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/albert-henry-freiberg/”},{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Naňka O. Alban Köhler, the pioneer of osteoradiology. Int Orthop. 2026;50(4):909-15.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13079520/”},{“t”:”Mostofi SB. Albert H. Freiberg 1868-1940. In: Who’s who in orthopedics. London: Springer; 2005. p. 106.”}],”p”:[“Freiberg”],”req”:””},”kohler”:{“n”:”Alban Köhler”,”d”:”1874 to 1947″,”r”:”German radiologist, Wiesbaden”,”sub”:”Köhler disease of the navicular, 1908″,”wiki”:”Alban Köhler”,”why”:[“In 1908 Köhler described three young children, aged 5 to 9, whose tarsal navicular was small, dense and irregular on radiographs. He followed their course, discussed the differential diagnosis and noted that the bone recovered.”,”He did not call it necrosis. He wrote of an isolated crippling or disfigurement of the bone, and the condition was later grouped with the osteochondroses.”,”It is known as Köhler disease I to separate it from Köhler disease II, his later description of flattening of the second metatarsal head, which Freiberg had published first.”],”pub”:[“Köhler A. Ueber eine häufige, bisher anscheinend unbekannte Erkrankung einzelner kindlicher Knochen. Münch Med Wochenschr. 1908;55:1923-5.”],”work”:[“Born in Petsa, Thuringia, into a farming family”,”Studied medicine at Freiburg, Leipzig, Erlangen and Berlin, then worked with the pathologist Christian Georg Schmorl in Dresden”,”Assistant to the surgeon Friedrich Cramer at St Josef’s Hospital, Wiesbaden, from 1899, where he turned to radiology”,”Opened his own radiology institute in Wiesbaden in 1906 and co-founded the German Roentgen Society in 1905″,”Given the title of professor in 1913″],”facts”:[“His 1905 monograph on the radiology of the hip described the acetabular teardrop, still called Köhler’s teardrop”,”He illustrated post-traumatic ossification beside the medial femoral condyle in 1905, the lesion later called Pellegrini-Stieda”,”His book on the borderlands of the normal and early pathological in skeletal radiographs, first published in 1910, was still in print 90 years later”,”His institute was destroyed by bombing in February 1945, and his only son, also a doctor, was killed on the Eastern Front”],”pearl”:”Köhler disease presents with a limp and medial midfoot pain in a young child, more often a boy. It is self-limiting and the navicular reconstitutes, so treatment is symptomatic, sometimes with a short period in a cast.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Naňka O. Alban Köhler, the pioneer of osteoradiology. Int Orthop. 2026;50(4):909-15.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13079520/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Alban Köhler.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/alban-koehler/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Alban Köhler.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_K%C3%B6hler”}],”p”:[“K(?:ö|o)hler(?:[’’]s)? disease”],”req”:””},”panner”:{“n”:”Hans Jessen Panner”,”d”:”1871 to 1930″,”r”:”Danish radiologist, Copenhagen”,”sub”:”Panner disease, 1927″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Panner described irregular ossification and fragmentation of the whole capitellum in children, and likened it to Calvé-Perthes disease of the hip. He first presented the cases at the 1927 meeting of the Northern Association of Medical Radiology in Copenhagen.”,”Carl Krebs reported a case in 1927 under the name maladie de Panner, and Panner published his own account in Acta Radiologica in 1929.”,”Haraldsson later found clinical reports of capitellar osteochondrosis from as early as 1916, but Panner gave the first detailed description, so the name stayed with him.”],”pub”:[“Panner HJ. A peculiar affection of the capitulum humeri, resembling Calvé-Perthes disease of the hip. Acta Radiol. 1929;10:234-42.”],”work”:[“Born in Denmark and trained in medicine at the University of Copenhagen”,”Worked as a radiologist in Copenhagen”,”President of the Danish Radiological Society and co-editor of Acta Radiologica”],”facts”:[“He also wrote on avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular, the condition known as Köhler disease”,”Hegemann disease is the comparable osteochondrosis of the trochlea, described by Gerd Hegemann in 1951″,”Some authors regard Panner disease and capitellar osteochondritis dissecans as stages of one process, while others treat them as separate conditions”],”pearl”:”Panner disease affects the whole capitellum in children under about 10 and heals with rest. Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans affects a focal area in adolescent throwers and gymnasts and may need surgery.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bayomy AF, Forrester LA, Crowley SG, Popkin CA. Eponyms in pediatric sports medicine. A historical review. Open Access J Sports Med. 2021;12:11-22.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7814277/”},{“t”:”Claessen FM, Louwerens JK, Doornberg JN, van Dijk CN, Eygendaal D, van den Bekerom MP. Panner’s disease. Literature review and treatment recommendations. J Child Orthop. 2015;9(1):9-17.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4340849/”},{“t”:”Vanhoenacker FM, Skjennald A. History page. Leaders in MSK radiology. Hans Jessen Panner, 1871-1930. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2021;25(1):186-8.”}],”p”:[“Panner”],”req”:””},”scheuermann”:{“n”:”Holger Werfel Scheuermann”,”d”:”1877 to 1960″,”r”:”Danish orthopaedic surgeon and radiologist, Copenhagen”,”sub”:”Scheuermann kyphosis, 1920″,”wiki”:”Holger Scheuermann”,”why”:[“Scheuermann described a rigid thoracic kyphosis of adolescence with wedging of the vertebral bodies on lateral radiographs, which he called kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis.”,”He published in Danish in 1920 and in German in 1921, and his work was submitted as a doctoral thesis to the University of Copenhagen. The thesis was refused, yet it became the standard account of juvenile kyphosis.”],”pub”:[“Scheuermann HW. Kyfosis dorsalis juvenilis. Ugeskr Laeger. 1920;82:385-93.”,”Scheuermann HW. Kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis. Z Orthop Chir. 1921;41:305-17. Translated in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;(128):5-7.”],”work”:[“Born in Hørsholm, Denmark”,”Graduated in medicine from the University of Copenhagen in 1902 and trained at Frederiks Hospital and Rigshospitalet”,”First assistant surgeon at the Copenhagen Home for the Crippled from 1910 to 1919, and a specialist in orthopaedics and radiology from 1918″,”Director of radiology at the Military and Sundby Hospitals and head physician to the navy”,”Chairman of the Danish Radiological Society in 1933 to 1934″],”facts”:[“The University of Copenhagen gave him an honorary doctorate in 1959, nearly 40 years after it had refused his thesis”,”He was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1936, the year he became a corresponding member of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons”,”He kept up private radiology practice for many years after retiring in 1947″],”pearl”:”The Sorensen criteria define Scheuermann kyphosis as anterior wedging of 5 degrees or more in three adjacent vertebrae. The curve stays rigid on hyperextension, which separates it from postural kyphosis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Whonamedit. Holger Werfel Scheuermann.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2745.html”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Holger Scheuermann.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Scheuermann”},{“t”:”Nachemson A. The man behind the syndrome. Holger W Scheuermann. A refused dissertation became a key work on kyphosis. Lakartidningen. 1988;85(43):3588-9, 3591.”}],”p”:[“Scheuermann”],”req”:””},”blount”:{“n”:”Walter Putnam Blount”,”d”:”1900 to 1992″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Milwaukee”,”sub”:”Blount disease, 1937″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Blount reported 13 children with progressive bowing from a growth disturbance at the posteromedial proximal tibial physis, and reviewed the 15 cases then in the literature. He proposed the name osteochondrosis deformans tibiae.”,”Erlacher had described the first case of progressive deformity of the upper tibia in 1922, so the condition is also called Erlacher-Blount disease or tibia vara.”],”pub”:[“Blount WP. Tibia vara. Osteochondrosis deformans tibiae. J Bone Joint Surg. 1937;19(1):1-29.”],”work”:[“Born in 1900 into a family of physicians and graduated from the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine”,”Postgraduate training in London and at clinics across Europe”,”Joined the Milwaukee practice of Frederick Gaenslen and became chief at Milwaukee Children’s Hospital”,”Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Marquette University School of Medicine”,”President of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in 1955 to 1956 and Vice-President of SICOT from 1963 to 1966″],”facts”:[“He was a pioneer of the Milwaukee brace for scoliosis”,”He introduced epiphyseal stapling for guided growth in 1949, using the Blount staple”,”He was among the first surgeons to recognise that fractures in children could be a sign of abuse, and wrote often on fractures in children”,”His 1956 presidential address, Don’t throw away the cane, set out the hip biomechanics behind using a walking stick”],”pearl”:”A metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle above 16 degrees points to infantile Blount disease over physiological bowing. Langenskiöld described six radiographic stages of the infantile form.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Walter Putnam Blount.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/walter-putnam-blount/”},{“t”:”Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Dr Walter P. Blount.”,”u”:”http://orthosurgery.mcw.edu/program-welcome/founders/dr-walter-p-blount/”},{“t”:”Schwend RM. Walter Putnam Blount, MD (1900-1992). Pioneer of modern scoliosis bracing and spine deformity care. Spine Deform. 2026.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1007/s43390-026-01569-7″}],”p”:[“Blount”],”req”:””},”sprengel”:{“n”:”Otto Gerhard Karl Sprengel”,”d”:”1852 to 1915″,”r”:”German surgeon, Dresden and Braunschweig”,”sub”:”Sprengel deformity, 1891″,”wiki”:”Otto Sprengel”,”why”:[“Sprengel reported four cases of congenital upward displacement of the scapula in 1891, with a small, high and rotated shoulder blade and limited shoulder movement. He proposed a mechanical cause in the womb.”,”Eulenburg had described an undescended scapula in Germany in 1863, nearly 30 years earlier. Sprengel’s fuller account attached his name to the condition.”],”pub”:[“Sprengel O. Die angeborene Verschiebung des Schulterblattes nach oben. Arch Klin Chir. 1891;42:545-9.”],”work”:[“Born in Waren, Mecklenburg, and studied medicine at Tübingen, Munich and Rostock”,”MD from Marburg in 1877, then assistant to Richard von Volkmann in Halle”,”Senior physician at the children’s hospital in Dresden from 1882″,”Head of the surgical department at Braunschweig from 1896″,”Elected President of the German Surgical Society in 1915″],”facts”:[“In 1898 he showed from two resection specimens that adolescent coxa vara could follow traumatic separation of the capital femoral epiphysis”,”He wrote a book on appendicitis in 1906, and the transverse lower abdominal Sprengel incision carries his name”,”He died of sepsis caught while operating on a patient with a gunshot wound, soon after his election as society president”],”pearl”:”Look for an omovertebral bone joining the scapula to the cervical spine, and screen for Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital scoliosis and rib anomalies.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Otto Sprengel.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/otto-sprengel/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Otto Sprengel.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sprengel”},{“t”:”Dilli A, Ayaz UY, Damar C, Ersan O, Hekimoglu B. Sprengel deformity. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in two pediatric cases. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2011;1:17.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3173831/”}],”p”:[“Sprengel”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-sprengel.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”klippelfeil”:{“n”:”Maurice Klippel and André Feil”,”d”:”1858 to 1942 and 1884 to 1955″,”r”:”French physicians, Paris”,”sub”:”Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1912″,”wiki”:”Maurice Klippel”,”why”:[“In 1912 Klippel and his student Feil described a patient whose cervical vertebrae were so reduced and fused that the thoracic cage seemed to reach the base of the skull. The short neck, low hairline and limited neck movement became the classic picture.”,”Fusion of cervical vertebrae had been recorded in anatomical specimens by von Haller in 1743 and Morgagni in 1746, and Jonathan Hutchinson probably described a clinical case in 1893.”,”Feil made the condition the subject of his 1919 thesis, which grouped the fusions into types and also took in thoracic and lumbar anomalies.”],”pub”:[“Klippel M, Feil A. Un cas d’absence des vertèbres cervicales avec cage thoracique remontant jusqu’à la base du crâne (cage thoracique cervicale). Nouv Iconogr Salpêtrière. 1912;25:223-50.”,”Klippel M, Feil A. Un cas d’absence des vertèbres cervicales. Bull Mém Soc Anthropol Paris. 1912;3:101-2.”],”work”:[“Klippel was born in Mulhouse, Alsace, studied medicine in Paris and took his doctorate in 1889″,”Klippel directed a department of general medicine at the Hôpital Tenon from 1902 until he retired in 1924″,”Klippel wrote on neurology, psychiatry, histology, pathology and congenital disorders”,”Feil was Klippel’s student and wrote his 1919 medical thesis on congenital cervical anomalies”],”facts”:[“Klippel also gave his name to Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome of vascular malformation and limb overgrowth”,”Feil’s thesis argued against the old view that such deformities came from sin or a reversion to a primitive state”,”Jonathan Hutchinson, of the chauffeur fracture, is credited with a probable earlier clinical description”],”pearl”:”The classic triad is present in fewer than half of patients. Screen for renal anomalies, hearing loss, cardiac defects, Sprengel deformity and congenital scoliosis, and watch for instability next to the fused segments.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Whonamedit. Klippel-Feil syndrome.”,”u”:”https://redux.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/629.html”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Maurice Klippel.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/622.html”},{“t”:”Belykh E, Malik K, Simoneau I, Yagmurlu K, Lei T, Cavalcanti DD, Byvaltsev VA, Theodore N, Preul MC. Monsters and the case of L. Joseph. André Feil’s thesis on the origin of the Klippel-Feil syndrome and a social transformation of medicine. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;41(1):E3.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27364256/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Maurice Klippel.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Klippel”}],”p”:[“Klippel-Feil”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-klippelfeil.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”paget”:{“n”:”Sir James Paget”,”d”:”1814 to 1899″,”r”:”English surgeon and pathologist, London”,”sub”:”Paget disease of bone, 1877″,”wiki”:”James Paget”,”why”:[“Paget presented five patients with slowly progressive enlargement and bowing of the long bones, a growing skull and a curved, shortened spine to the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in November 1876. The paper appeared in 1877.”,”His first patient, seen from 1856, needed ever larger hats and lost several inches of height, and died of a malignant tumour of the radius. At autopsy the skull vault was about four times its normal thickness.”,”Paget thought the process was a chronic inflammation and called it osteitis deformans. The name is now known to be wrong, but his account of combined bone destruction and new bone formation was accurate.”],”pub”:[“Paget J. On a form of chronic inflammation of bones (osteitis deformans). Med Chir Trans. 1877;60:37-64. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1966;49:3-16.”],”work”:[“Born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, and apprenticed to a local surgeon at 16″,”Entered St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, in 1834 and qualified MRCS in 1836″,”Assistant surgeon at St Bartholomew’s from 1847 and full surgeon from 1861″,”Fellow of the Royal Society in 1851, created a baronet in 1871 and President of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1875″,”Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria and Vice-Chancellor of the University of London”],”facts”:[“As a first-year student in 1835 he found the parasite later named Trichinella spiralis”,”He also described Paget disease of the nipple in 1874, and his 1858 cases are the origin of Paget-Schroetter syndrome”,”As President of the 1881 International Medical Congress in London he proposed naming neuropathic joints Charcot disease”,”He is regarded, with Rudolf Virchow, as a founder of scientific surgical pathology”],”pearl”:”Paget disease shows a raised alkaline phosphatase with normal calcium and phosphate. New pain or a lytic lesion in pagetic bone should raise concern for Paget sarcoma.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Sir James Paget.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/james-paget/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. James Paget.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Paget”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Paget’s disease of bone.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_bone”}],”p”:[“Paget”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-paget.jpg”,”cr”:”Unknown authorUnknown author, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”ewing”:{“n”:”James Ewing”,”d”:”1866 to 1943″,”r”:”American pathologist, New York”,”sub”:”Ewing sarcoma, 1921″,”wiki”:”James Ewing (pathologist)”,”why”:[“Ewing described a round cell tumour of bone that involved much of the shaft and spared the ends, unlike osteosarcoma. He called it diffuse endothelioma of bone, thinking it arose from vascular endothelium, and presented it to the New York Pathological Society in 1921.”,”His index case was a 14-year-old girl with a tumour of the radius that shrank after radium treatment. That sensitivity to radiation helped convince him it was a separate entity.”,”Similar tumours had been reported earlier, by Lücke in 1866 and Hildebrand in 1890, but Ewing first separated the tumour from osteosarcoma, lymphoma and neuroblastoma.”],”pub”:[“Ewing J. Diffuse endothelioma of bone. Proc N Y Pathol Soc. 1921;21:17-24. Reprinted in CA Cancer J Clin. 1972;22(2):95-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and graduated BA from Amherst College in 1888″,”Studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, graduating in 1891″,”First professor of clinical pathology at the new Cornell University Medical College from 1899″,”Led clinical and laboratory research at Memorial Hospital, New York, and was its President from 1931 to 1939″],”facts”:[“He was bedridden for two years with osteomyelitis at the age of 14″,”He helped found the American Association for Cancer Research in 1907 and what became the American Cancer Society in 1913″,”His textbook Neoplastic Diseases, first published in 1919, was the standard tumour pathology text of its era”,”Time magazine put him on its cover in 1931. He died of bladder cancer”],”pearl”:”Most Ewing sarcomas carry a translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22 that fuses EWSR1 with FLI1, and the cells stain for CD99. Radiographs show a permeative diaphyseal lesion with onion skin periosteal reaction.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. James Ewing.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/james-ewing/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. James Ewing (pathologist).”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ewing_(pathologist)”},{“t”:”Zantinga AR, Coppes MJ. James Ewing (1866-1943). The chief. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21(7):505-10.”}],”p”:[“Ewing”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-ewing.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”charcot”:{“n”:”Jean-Martin Charcot”,”d”:”1825 to 1893″,”r”:”French neurologist and pathologist, Paris”,”sub”:”Charcot neuroarthropathy, 1868, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 1886″,”wiki”:”Jean-Martin Charcot”,”why”:[“In 1868 Charcot described painless destruction of joints in patients with tabes dorsalis and argued that the arthropathy depended on the disease of the spinal cord. At the 1881 International Medical Congress in London, James Paget proposed the name Charcot disease.”,”Charcot and Féré described the tabetic foot in 1883. William Jordan linked neuropathic arthropathy to diabetes in 1936, now its usual cause.”,”In 1886 Charcot and his pupil Pierre Marie described a familial muscular atrophy beginning in the feet and legs. Howard Tooth described the same condition in Cambridge that year, giving Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.”],”pub”:[“Charcot JM. Sur quelques arthropathies qui paraissent dépendre d’une lésion du cerveau ou de la moelle épinière. Arch Physiol Norm Pathol. 1868;1:161-78.”,”Charcot JM, Marie P. Sur une forme particulière d’atrophie musculaire progressive, souvent familiale, débutant par les pieds et les jambes et atteignant plus tard les mains. Rev Méd. 1886;6:97-138.”],”work”:[“Born in Paris and trained as a pathologist, working as an interne at the Salpêtrière”,”Physician to the hospitals of Paris from 1856″,”Professor of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Paris from 1872″,”Worked and taught at the Salpêtrière for 33 years and in 1882 took the first chair of diseases of the nervous system”],”facts”:[“He named multiple sclerosis and gave his name to the Charcot triad of nystagmus, intention tremor and scanning speech”,”Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is called Charcot disease in much of Europe”,”His students included Sigmund Freud, Joseph Babinski and Georges Gilles de la Tourette”,”His son Jean-Baptiste Charcot trained in medicine and became a polar explorer”],”pearl”:”A warm, swollen, red foot in a patient with neuropathy is acute Charcot until proved otherwise and needs offloading in a total contact cast. In Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, the Coleman block test shows whether the hindfoot varus is flexible.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Jean-Martin Charcot.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/jean-martin-charcot/”},{“t”:”Kumar DR, Aslinia F, Yale SH, Mazza JJ. Jean-Martin Charcot. The father of neurology. Clin Med Res. 2011;9(1):46-9.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3064755/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Neuropathic arthropathy.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_arthropathy”},{“t”:”Gupta R. A short history of neuropathic arthropathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(296):43-9.”}],”p”:[“Charcot”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-charcot.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”dupuytren”:{“n”:”Baron Guillaume Dupuytren”,”d”:”1777 to 1835″,”r”:”French surgeon and anatomist, Paris”,”sub”:”Dupuytren disease, 1831″,”wiki”:”Guillaume Dupuytren”,”why”:[“Dupuytren showed that the flexion contracture of the fingers lay in the palmar fascia and spared the skin and flexor tendons. In 1831 he divided the diseased fascia in a wine merchant who had been told that only cutting the tendons would help.”,”He described the condition and the operation in a clinical lecture at the Hôtel-Dieu, and an English version appeared in The Lancet in 1834.”,”Others had described the contracture before him, among them Astley Cooper, who in 1822 thought it incurable by operation. Dupuytren’s account of its cause and treatment gave the condition his name.”],”pub”:[“Dupuytren G. Permanent retraction of the fingers, produced by an affection of the palmar fascia. Lancet. 1834;2:222-5.”],”work”:[“Born in Pierre-Buffière, in the present Haute-Vienne, and sent to Paris as a boy”,”Appointed prosector at the new École de Médecine in Paris at about 18″,”Surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, rising to chief surgeon, a post he held until his death”,”Professor of operative surgery and later of clinical surgery in Paris”,”Created a baron in 1816 and surgeon to Louis XVIII and Charles X”],”facts”:[“Dupuytren fracture of the distal fibula comes from his long 1819 treatise on ankle injuries”,”Pierre-François Percy called him first among surgeons and last among men”,”Jean-Gaspard-Blaise Goyrand challenged him in 1833, arguing for a hereditary cause and a longitudinal incision with excision of fascia”,”His bequest founded the Musée Dupuytren, a museum of pathological anatomy in Paris”],”pearl”:”The ring finger is most often involved. A positive Hueston tabletop test or any proximal interphalangeal contracture is the usual threshold for intervention, as PIP contractures are harder to correct than MCP contractures.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Guillaume Dupuytren.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/guillaume-dupuytren/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Dupuytren contracture.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/dupuytren-contracture/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Guillaume Dupuytren.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Dupuytren”},{“t”:”Holzer LA, de Parades V, Holzer G. Guillaume Dupuytren. His life and surgical contributions. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(10):1994-8.”}],”p”:[“Dupuytren”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-dupuytren.jpg”,”cr”:”François-Séraphin Delpech / After Nicolas Eustache Maurin, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”ollier”:{“n”:”Louis Léopold Ollier”,”d”:”1830 to 1900″,”r”:”French orthopaedic surgeon, Lyon”,”sub”:”Ollier disease, 1899″,”wiki”:”Louis Léopold Ollier”,”why”:[“Ollier described multiple enchondromas, mainly in the metaphyses of the long bones and often confined to one side of the body, and named the condition dyschondroplasia in 1899.”,”Angelo Maffucci had described enchondromas with multiple angiomas in 1881, so the combined picture carries Maffucci’s name and enchondromatosis alone carries Ollier’s.”],”pub”:[“Ollier L. De la dyschondroplasie. Bull Soc Chir Lyon. 1899;3:22-3.”],”work”:[“Born in Les Vans, Ardèche, into a family of physicians, and studied natural sciences at Montpellier”,”Began as an interne at the Lyon hospitals in 1851 and took his medical doctorate in Paris”,”Chief surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu, Lyon, from 1860″,”Professor of clinical surgery in Lyon from 1877″],”facts”:[“In 1858 he described the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum, sometimes called Ollier’s layer”,”His two-volume treatise of 1867 on bone regeneration made him a pioneer of bone grafting and subperiosteal resection”,”He devised a split-thickness skin graft in 1872, later refined by Thiersch as the Ollier-Thiersch graft”,”In 1894 he was called to treat President Sadi Carnot, stabbed by an assassin in Lyon on the evening he had decorated Ollier”],”pearl”:”Ollier disease is asymmetric and causes limb length discrepancy and angular deformity. New pain in an adult enchondroma suggests change to chondrosarcoma and needs imaging.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Louis Léopold Ollier.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_L%C3%A9opold_Ollier”},{“t”:”Laios K, Markatos K, Androutsos G. Louis-Léopold-Xavier-Édouard Ollier (1830-1900). An innovative orthopedic surgeon. Surg Innov. 2017;24(4):402-4.”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Maffucci syndrome.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/maffucci-syndrome”}],”p”:[“Ollier”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-ollier.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”maffucci”:{“n”:”Angelo Maria Maffucci”,”d”:”1847 to 1903″,”r”:”Italian pathologist, Pisa”,”sub”:”Maffucci syndrome, 1881″,”wiki”:”Angelo Maffucci”,”why”:[“Maffucci described a 40-year-old woman with multiple enchondromas and multiple angiomas. She had been admitted with a vascular tumour of the limb that bled often and heavily, and died after amputation.”,”He published the case in Naples in 1881, 18 years before Ollier named enchondromatosis. The association of enchondromas with soft tissue haemangiomas now carries his name.”],”pub”:[“Maffucci A. Di un caso di encondroma ed angioma multiplo. Contribuzione alla genesi embrionale dei tumori. Mov Med Chir (Napoli). 1881;3:399-412.”],”work”:[“Born in Calitri, in the province of Avellino, to a farming family”,”Graduated in medicine from the University of Naples in 1872 and trained in pathology under Otto von Schrön”,”Worked as a surgeon at the Ospedale degli Incurabili in Naples and won a medal for work against cholera in 1873″,”Appointed to chairs of pathology at Messina and Catania before moving to Pisa, where he held the chair of pathological anatomy until his death”],”facts”:[“In 1890 he isolated the organism of avian tuberculosis and separated it from the human and bovine forms”,”He was a member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei”,”His manuscripts, drawings and watercolours of his cases are held at the Sapienza University of Rome”],”pearl”:”Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome arise from somatic IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. Maffucci syndrome carries a higher risk of chondrosarcoma and of other cancers, so patients need lifelong surveillance.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Angelo Maffucci.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Maffucci”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Maffucci syndrome.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/maffucci-syndrome”},{“t”:”Ciranni R. A forgotten Italian pathologist. Angelo Maffucci (1845-1903) and his scientific thought. Virchows Arch. 2006;449(4):495-7.”}],”p”:[“Maffucci”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-maffucci.jpg”,”cr”:”Federico Fazzari, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0″},”duchenne”:{“n”:”Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne de Boulogne”,”d”:”1806 to 1875″,”r”:”French neurologist, Paris”,”sub”:”Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1868″,”wiki”:”Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne”,”why”:[“Duchenne described a boy with the disease in the 1861 edition of his book on hypertrophic paraplegia of childhood. In 1868 he reported 13 affected children in a long series of articles and called the condition pseudohypertrophic muscular paralysis.”,”He studied the muscle during life with a biopsy trocar of his own design, one of the first times living tissue was taken for microscopy.”,”He was not the first. Semmola and Conte in Naples described the disease in the 1830s, and Edward Meryon in London reported it in 1852. Gowers showed in 1879 that only boys were affected and that healthy mothers passed it on.”],”pub”:[“Duchenne GB. Recherches sur la paralysie musculaire pseudo-hypertrophique, ou paralysie myo-sclérosique. Arch Gen Med. 1868;11:5-25, 179-209, 305-21, 421-43, 552-88.”],”work”:[“Born in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, and schooled at Douai”,”Studied medicine in Paris under Laënnec and Dupuytren and graduated in 1831 with a thesis on burns”,”Practised in Boulogne for about ten years, then moved to Paris in 1842″,”Never held a hospital or university post, working through private practice and visits to the Salpêtrière and other hospitals”],”facts”:[“Charcot called him his master in neurology, and he is often called the founder of French neurology”,”His 1862 photographs of electrically provoked facial expressions were used by Darwin. The genuine smile involving the eyes is called the Duchenne smile”,”Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy and Erb-Duchenne palsy also carry his name”,”Meryon’s priority is recognised in a modern history titled Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Meryon’s disease”],”pearl”:”Look for Gowers sign, where the child climbs up his own legs to stand because of proximal hip weakness, together with calf pseudohypertrophy and a very high creatine kinase.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Meryon E. On granular and fatty degeneration of the voluntary muscles. Med Chir Trans. 1852;35:73-84.”,”u”:”https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20895997″},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1365.html”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/950.html”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Duchenne_de_Boulogne”}],”p”:[“Duchenne”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-duchenne.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”marfan”:{“n”:”Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan”,”d”:”1858 to 1942″,”r”:”French paediatrician, Paris”,”sub”:”Marfan syndrome, 1896″,”wiki”:”Antoine Marfan”,”why”:[“In 1896 Marfan presented Gabrielle, a five year old girl with long, thin limbs and fingers, to the Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris. He compared her hands to spider’s legs and called the condition dolichostenomelia.”,”Achard coined the term arachnodactyly in 1902. Later writers added lens dislocation and heart disease, and Weve of Utrecht first used the name Marfan syndrome in 1931 when he described dominant inheritance.”,”Gabrielle may not have had Marfan syndrome at all. Her joint contractures suggest congenital contractural arachnodactyly, a separate disorder.”],”pub”:[“Marfan AB. Un cas de déformation congénitale des quatre membres, plus prononcée aux extrémités, caractérisée par l’allongement des os avec un certain degré d’amincissement. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris. 1896;13:220-6.”],”work”:[“Born in Castelnaudary, Aude, in southern France”,”Began medicine in Toulouse and moved to Paris in 1879, interrupted by military service”,”Doctorate in 1887 with a thesis on gastric lesions in pulmonary tuberculosis”,”Agrégé in paediatrics at the Paris Faculty from 1892 and later the first professor of infant hygiene in Paris”,”Founded and edited the journal Le Nourrisson and co-wrote a major French textbook of childhood diseases”],”facts”:[“Marfan law held that healed childhood tuberculosis protected against later pulmonary tuberculosis”,”Dennie-Marfan syndrome is spastic paraplegia with intellectual disability in congenital syphilis”,”He was an early user of the von Pirquet tuberculin skin test”,”He left much of his fortune to a society protecting infants against tuberculosis”],”pearl”:”Screen for aortic root dilatation before elective surgery. Orthopaedic features include scoliosis, protrusio acetabuli, pes planus and positive thumb and wrist signs.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Whonamedit. Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/972.html”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Marfan’s syndrome.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/956.html”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Antoine Marfan.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/antoine-marfan/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Antoine Marfan.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Marfan”}],”p”:[“Marfan”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-marfan.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”ehlersdanlos”:{“n”:”Edvard Ehlers and Henri-Alexandre Danlos”,”d”:”1863 to 1937 and 1844 to 1912″,”r”:”Danish and French dermatologists, Copenhagen and Paris”,”sub”:”Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 1901 and 1908″,”wiki”:”Edvard Ehlers”,”why”:[“Ehlers published a young man with lax joints, loose skin and a tendency to bleed into the skin in 1901. Danlos presented a boy in 1908 with fragile, stretchy skin and soft tumours over the elbows and knees after minor knocks.”,”Both men called the condition cutis laxa. The joint name was in use by the 1930s and was established by Frederick Parkes Weber in 1936.”,”Others came first. Van Meekeren showed a Spanish sailor with hugely stretchy skin in Leiden in 1657, and Chernogubov in Moscow gave a full account in 1892 that never reached Western Europe.”],”pub”:[“Ehlers E. Cutis laxa, Neigung zu Haemorrhagien in der Haut, Lockerung mehrerer Artikulationen. Dermatol Z. 1901;8:173-4.”,”Danlos H. Un cas de cutis laxa avec tumeurs par contusion chronique des coudes et des genoux. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr. 1908;19:70-2.”],”work”:[“Ehlers was born in Copenhagen, son of the city’s mayor, qualified in 1891 and trained further in Berlin, Breslau, Vienna and Paris”,”Ehlers headed the dermatology clinic at Frederiks Hospital from 1906 and directed Copenhagen’s municipal hospital from 1911 to 1932″,”Danlos was born in Paris and worked first in chemistry in the laboratory of Charles-Adolphe Wurtz”,”Danlos became chef de service at the Hôpital Tenon in 1885 and moved to the Hôpital Saint-Louis in 1895″],”facts”:[“In Russia the condition still carries Chernogubov’s name”,”Ehlers studied the decline of leprosy in Iceland and won a prize from the National Leprosy Fund in London”,”Danlos and the physicist Eugène Bloch were the first to treat tuberculous skin lesions with radium”,”Barabas split the syndrome into distinct clinical types in 1967, the start of the modern classification”],”pearl”:”Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, caused by COL3A1 mutations, risks arterial and bowel rupture. Ask about it before surgery in any hypermobile patient with easy bruising.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Whonamedit. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2017.html”},{“t”:”Altmeyer’s Encyclopedia. Ehlers, Edvard.”,”u”:”https://www.altmeyers.org/en/dermatology/ehlers-edvard-128544″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Edvard Ehlers.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Ehlers”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Henri-Alexandre Danlos.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Danlos”}],”p”:[“Ehlers-Danlos”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-ehlersdanlos.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”morquio”:{“n”:”Luis Morquio”,”d”:”1867 to 1935″,”r”:”Uruguayan paediatrician, Montevideo”,”sub”:”Morquio syndrome, 1929″,”wiki”:”Luis Morquio”,”why”:[“In 1929 Morquio described a familial skeletal dystrophy in four of five children of consanguineous parents of Swedish descent. He published in French, in Paris.”,”James Frederick Brailsford independently described a child with the same clinical and radiographic features in the same year, so the condition is also called Morquio-Brailsford syndrome.”,”It is now known as mucopolysaccharidosis type IV, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease.”],”pub”:[“Morquio L. Sur une forme de dystrophie osseuse familiale. Arch Med Enfants. 1929;32:129-35.”],”work”:[“Born in Montevideo to Italian immigrant parents”,”Graduated in medicine in Montevideo in 1892″,”Trained further in Paris in 1893 and 1894, including the clinics of Marfan and Charcot”,”Full Professor of paediatrics in Montevideo from 1900 and director of the institute of paediatrics from 1930″,”Founded the Uruguayan Paediatric Society in 1915″],”facts”:[“In 1901 he described a familial syndrome of slow pulse, fainting and sudden death, later linked to Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome”,”He published more than 300 papers over his career”,”Type A is caused by galactosamine-6-sulphate sulphatase deficiency and type B by beta-galactosidase deficiency”],”pearl”:”Odontoid hypoplasia causes atlantoaxial instability. Obtain flexion and extension cervical spine films before any anaesthetic. Intelligence is normal.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Luis Morquio.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/luis-morquio/”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Morquio-Brailsford syndrome.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2108.html”},{“t”:”Haas LF. Luis Morquio (1867-1935). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(6):787.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Luis Morquio.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Morquio”}],”p”:[“Morquio”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-morquio.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”gaucher”:{“n”:”Philippe Charles Ernest Gaucher”,”d”:”1854 to 1918″,”r”:”French dermatologist, Paris”,”sub”:”Gaucher disease, 1882″,”wiki”:”Philippe Gaucher”,”why”:[“As a student, Gaucher described a 32 year old woman with a massive spleen, bleeding, jaundice and wasting in his 1882 doctoral thesis. Her spleen weighed nearly 5 kg and was infiltrated by large cells.”,”He thought it was a primary cancer of the spleen. Nathan Brill in New York later worked out its inheritance and called it Gaucher disease.”,”Roscoe Brady showed the biochemical basis in 1965, a deficiency of the enzyme that breaks down glucocerebroside.”],”pub”:[“Gaucher PCE. De l’épithélioma primitif de la rate, hypertrophie idiopathique de la rate sans leucémie [thesis]. Paris; 1882.”],”work”:[“Born in the Nièvre department of France”,”Graduated MD in Paris in 1882 and soon headed a medical clinic at the Necker Hospital”,”Taught pathological anatomy, bacteriology, histology and dermatology in Paris hospital clinics”,”Succeeded Alfred Fournier in the chair of dermatology and syphilography in 1902″],”facts”:[“He wrote prolifically on syphilis and wrongly blamed it for poliomyelitis and appendicitis”,”He was awarded the Légion d’honneur in 1918 for his war service”,”Alglucerase, the first enzyme replacement therapy, was approved in the United States in 1991″,”Type 1 disease is most common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent”],”pearl”:”Bone features include the Erlenmeyer flask deformity of the distal femur, osteonecrosis of the femoral head and painful bone crises that mimic osteomyelitis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Hektoen International. Philippe Gaucher (1854 to 1918).”,”u”:”https://hekint.org/2020/09/10/philippe-gaucher-1854-1918/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Philippe Gaucher.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Gaucher”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Gaucher’s disease.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher%27s_disease”},{“t”:”HistoryofMedicine.com. Philippe Charles Ernest Gaucher.”,”u”:”https://www.historyofmedicine.com/author/d/philippe-charles-ernest-gaucher”}],”p”:[“Gaucher”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-gaucher.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”brodie”:{“n”:”Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie”,”d”:”1783 to 1862″,”r”:”English surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Brodie abscess, 1832″,”wiki”:”Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet”,”why”:[“Brodie reported cases of chronic abscess of the tibia in 1832, a walled off collection of pus in bone that caused long standing local pain without the features of acute infection.”,”The term Brodie abscess now means a localised subacute osteomyelitis, usually in the metaphysis of a long bone.”],”pub”:[“Brodie BC. An account of some cases of chronic abscess of the tibia. Med Chir Trans. 1832;17:239-49.”],”work”:[“Born in Winterslow, Wiltshire, the son of a clergyman”,”Pupil of Sir Everard Home at St George’s Hospital from 1803 and assistant surgeon there from 1808 for over 30 years”,”Fellow of the Royal Society in 1810 and its President from 1858″,”President of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1844 and first President of the General Medical Council”,”Surgeon to George IV, then serjeant surgeon to William IV and Queen Victoria, and made a baronet in 1834″],”facts”:[“His 1818 book on joint diseases encouraged conservative treatment and cut the number of amputations”,”He described the physiology behind the tourniquet test for varicose veins in 1846, long before Trendelenburg, giving the Brodie-Trendelenburg test”,”Brodie knee and Brodie serocystic disease of the breast also carry his name”,”Henry Gray dedicated the first edition of Gray’s Anatomy, 1858, to him”],”pearl”:”A Brodie abscess is a lucent metaphyseal lesion with a sclerotic rim, often in the distal tibia, and Staphylococcus aureus is the usual organism. Osteoid osteoma is the main differential.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Brodie BC. An account of some cases of chronic abscess of the tibia. Med Chir Trans. 1832;17:239-49.”,”u”:”https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20895586″},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/benjamin-collins-brodie/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet”}],”p”:[“Brodie”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-brodie.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”erb”:{“n”:”Wilhelm Heinrich Erb”,”d”:”1840 to 1921″,”r”:”German neurologist, Heidelberg”,”sub”:”Erb palsy, 1874″,”wiki”:”Wilhelm Heinrich Erb”,”why”:[“In 1874 Erb described a peculiar localisation of paralysis in the brachial plexus. Using electrical stimulation he showed that the affected shoulder and elbow flexor muscles shared a common supply from the upper roots, at a point above the clavicle now called Erb point.”,”The birth palsy had been described earlier. William Smellie reported obstetric arm paralysis in the 18th century and Duchenne described the infant form, so the condition is also called Erb-Duchenne palsy.”],”pub”:[“Erb W. Ueber eine eigenthümliche Localisation von Lähmungen im Plexus brachialis. Verh Naturhist Med Ver Heidelb. 1874;1:130-7.”],”work”:[“Born in Winnweiler, in the Kingdom of Bavaria”,”Graduated in medicine from Heidelberg in 1864 and trained under Nikolaus Friedreich”,”Chair of special pathology and head of the policlinic in Leipzig from 1880″,”Succeeded Friedreich at Heidelberg in 1883 and stayed until he retired in 1907″],”facts”:[“He and Carl Westphal introduced the tendon reflexes in 1875, and he popularised the reflex hammer”,”Erb-Goldflam disease is an old name for myasthenia gravis, from his 1879 paper”,”Erb described scapulohumeral muscular dystrophy in 1884″,”He co-founded the Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde in 1891 and argued early for a link between syphilis and tabes dorsalis”],”pearl”:”Upper trunk injury, C5 and C6, gives the waiter’s tip posture, with the arm adducted and internally rotated, the elbow extended and the wrist flexed.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Wilhelm Heinrich Erb.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/wilhelm-heinrich-erb/”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Duchenne-Erb paralysis.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/946.html”},{“t”:”HistoryofMedicine.com. Erb’s palsy.”,”u”:”https://www.historyofmedicine.com/id/8913″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Wilhelm Heinrich Erb.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Erb”}],”p”:[“Erb(?:[’’]s)? (?:palsy|point)”,”Erb-Duchenne”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-erb.jpg”,”cr”:”F. Langbein &amp, Cie. Heidelberg, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0″},”klumpke”:{“n”:”Augusta Déjerine-Klumpke”,”d”:”1859 to 1927″,”r”:”American-born French neurologist, Paris”,”sub”:”Klumpke palsy, 1885″,”wiki”:”Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke”,”why”:[“Klumpke described paralysis of the lower roots of the brachial plexus, C8 and T1, in 1885 while still a student. She showed that lower root lesions came with eye signs, a small pupil and drooping lid, now called Horner syndrome.”,”In dogs she reproduced these eye signs by cutting the C8 and T1 roots at the intervertebral foramina, placing the lesion at the rami communicantes. The paper won the Godard Prize of the Académie de Médecine in 1886.”],”pub”:[“Klumpke A. Contribution à l’étude des paralysies radiculaires du plexus brachial. Rev Med (Paris). 1885;5:591-616, 739-90.”],”work”:[“Born in San Francisco, one of five sisters”,”Studied medicine in Paris and became the first woman interne in the Paris hospitals”,”Married the neurologist Jules Dejerine in 1888 and co-wrote his major works on neuroanatomy”,”First woman president of the Société de Neurologie de Paris, in 1914″],”facts”:[“Her sisters were the painter Anna Klumpke, the astronomer Dorothea Klumpke and the violinist Julia Klumpke”,”She worked as a medical officer at the Hôtel des Invalides”,”Her daughter Yvonne Sorrel-Dejerine also became a neurologist”,”She was made an officer of the Légion d’honneur”],”pearl”:”Lower trunk injury, C8 and T1, causes intrinsic hand paralysis and a claw hand. An ipsilateral Horner syndrome suggests a preganglionic root avulsion with a poor prognosis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Klumpke palsy.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/klumpke-palsy/”},{“t”:”HistoryofMedicine.com. Klumpke’s paralysis.”,”u”:”https://www.historyofmedicine.com/id/1347″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Dejerine-Klumpke”}],”p”:[“Klumpke”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-klumpke.jpg”,”cr”:”Andre-Thomas, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”parsonage”:{“n”:”Maurice Parsonage and John Aldren Turner”,”d”:”1915 to 2008 and 1911 to 1980″,”r”:”British neurologists, Leeds and London”,”sub”:”Parsonage-Turner syndrome, 1948″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1948 Parsonage and Turner reported 136 soldiers from the British Army in the United Kingdom and India Command. Each had severe shoulder pain followed by patchy weakness and wasting of the shoulder girdle muscles.”,”They named it neuralgic amyotrophy. Many patients had been in hospital for minor surgery or an unrelated illness when it began, and most recovered well over about two years.”,”Spillane had described 46 similar cases from the Middle East Force in 1943, and isolated reports go back to the 1890s.”],”pub”:[“Parsonage MJ, Turner JW. Neuralgic amyotrophy. The shoulder-girdle syndrome. Lancet. 1948;1(6513):973-8.”],”work”:[“Parsonage was born in Nantwich, Cheshire, trained in Manchester and served in the Royal Army Medical Corps in India and South East Asia”,”Parsonage was a senior registrar at Guy’s Hospital and Queen Square, then consultant neurologist in Leeds from 1951″,”Turner was born in London, studied at New College, Oxford and St Bartholomew’s Hospital, and trained at Queen Square”,”Turner was a wartime army neurologist, adviser in neurology to Southern Command, India, then joined the staff of St Bartholomew’s”],”facts”:[“Turner’s father, William Aldren Turner, was a leading neurologist and epilepsy expert at King’s College Hospital”,”Parsonage founded a regional epilepsy centre for the north of England and held senior posts in the International League Against Epilepsy”,”The syndrome is also called brachial plexus neuritis or neuralgic amyotrophy”],”pearl”:”Severe pain comes first and weakness appears as the pain settles. The long thoracic nerve is often involved, so scapular winging may be mistaken for a cuff or shoulder problem.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Royal College of Physicians. Inspiring physicians. Maurice John Parsonage.”,”u”:”https://history.rcp.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/maurice-john-parsonage”},{“t”:”Royal College of Physicians. Inspiring physicians. John William Aldren Turner.”,”u”:”https://history.rcp.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/john-william-aldren-turner”},{“t”:”Saleem F, Mozaffar T. Neuralgic amyotrophy (Parsonage-Turner syndrome). An often misdiagnosed diagnosis. J Pak Med Assoc. 1999;49(4).”,”u”:”https://www.archive.jpma.org.pk/article-details/3383″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Parsonage-Turner syndrome.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonage%E2%80%93Turner_syndrome”}],”p”:[“Parsonage-Turner”],”req”:””},”morton”:{“n”:”Thomas George Morton”,”d”:”1835 to 1903″,”r”:”American surgeon, Philadelphia”,”sub”:”Morton neuroma, 1876″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1876 Morton described 16 patients with attacks of severe pain around the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint. He thought the mobile fifth metatarsal pinched the joint and nearby nerve branches, and suspected a neuroma or nerve hypertrophy.”,”Others came first. Civinini in Italy described the swelling on the plantar nerve at dissection in 1835, and Durlacher, chiropodist to Queen Victoria, described the pain in 1845.”,”Hoadley resected the nerve alone in 1893 and found a neuroma. The lesion is perineural fibrosis and nerve degeneration, so the name neuroma is a misnomer.”],”pub”:[“Morton TG. A peculiar and painful affection of the fourth metatarso-phalangeal articulation. Am J Med Sci. 1876;71:37-45.”],”work”:[“Born in Philadelphia, son of the anatomist Samuel George Morton”,”Graduated MD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1856″,”Acting assistant surgeon in Philadelphia military hospitals during the American Civil War”,”Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hospital from 1864″,”Founded the Philadelphia Orthopaedic Hospital in 1867″],”facts”:[“In 1887 he performed one of the first successful appendicectomies for a perforated appendix”,”His son, Thomas S K Morton, argued in 1893 that the pain came from compression of the nerve”,”Morton foot, a short first metatarsal, is named after Dudley J Morton, a different person”,”He used the new X-rays to study the condition in 1896″],”pearl”:”The lesion lies under the transverse metatarsal ligament, most often in the third web space. Web space tenderness and a Mulder click support the diagnosis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Thomas George Morton.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/thomas-george-morton/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Morton neuroma.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/morton-neuroma/”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Morton’s neuralgia.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2699.html”}],”p”:[“Morton(?:[’’]s)?\\)? [Nn]euroma”,”Mortons [Nn]euroma”],”req”:””},”haglund”:{“n”:”Patrik Haglund”,”d”:”1870 to 1937″,”r”:”Swedish orthopaedic surgeon, Stockholm”,”sub”:”Haglund deformity, 1928″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1928 Haglund described heel pain at the Achilles insertion linked to a prominent posterosuperior corner of the calcaneus.”,”The bony prominence is called the Haglund deformity. Haglund syndrome is the clinical picture of retrocalcaneal bursitis and insertional Achilles tendinopathy from impingement on it.”,”The prominence rubs on rigid heel counters, hence the lay name pump bump.”],”pub”:[“Haglund P. Beitrag zur Klinik der Achillessehne. Z Orthop Chir. 1928;49:49-58.”],”work”:[“Born in Norrköping, studied physics and astronomy at Uppsala before turning to medicine, which he completed in 1899″,”Trained in orthopaedics in Germany under Albert Hoffa in 1900 and 1902″,”Doctoral thesis in 1903 on the radiographic structure of the cancellous bone of the calcaneus”,”Held the Oskar Ekman chair of orthopaedics at the Karolinska Institute from 1913 to 1936″],”facts”:[“He co-founded the Nordic Orthopaedic Association in 1919″,”He founded Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica in 1930 and edited it”,”He served as a naval doctor from 1916 to 1925″,”He wrote about 300 papers, including Die Prinzipien der Orthopädie in 1923″],”pearl”:”Haglund deformity is the bony prominence. Haglund syndrome adds retrocalcaneal bursitis and insertional Achilles tendinopathy, and calcaneal resection or osteotomy is reserved for failed nonoperative care.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bentzon PG. Patrik Haglund. In memoriam. Acta Orthop Scand.”,”u”:”https://actaorthop.org/actao/article/download/31286/36179/84843″},{“t”:”Tourné Y. Haglund syndromes. Diagnosis, treatments and algorithm for decision-making. e-Mém Acad Natl Chir. 2024.”,”u”:”https://e-memoire.academie-chirurgie.fr/en/ememoire/6091-haglund-syndromes-diagnosis-treatments-et-algorithm-for-decision-making”},{“t”:”Project Runeberg. Haglund, Patrik (1870 to 1937).”,”u”:”https://runeberg.org/authors/haglupat.html”}],”p”:[“Haglund”],”req”:””},”baker”:{“n”:”William Morrant Baker”,”d”:”1839 to 1896″,”r”:”English surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Baker cyst, 1877″,”wiki”:”William Morrant Baker”,”why”:[“In 1877 Baker described eight patients with synovial cysts in the calf linked to disease of the knee. He showed that the cysts arose from the joint and communicated with it.”,”Robert Adams of Dublin had described the popliteal cyst in 1840. Many of Baker’s cases had osteoarthritis or Charcot joints, and in 1921 D’Arcy Power showed that many were tuberculous.”],”pub”:[“Baker WM. On the formation of synovial cysts in the leg in connection with disease of the knee-joint. St Bartholomew’s Hosp Rep. 1877;13:245-61. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(299):2-10.”],”work”:[“Born in Andover, Hampshire, and apprenticed to a local surgeon”,”Entered St Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1858 and became assistant to Sir James Paget”,”Lecturer in physiology and general anatomy at St Bartholomew’s from 1869 to 1885″,”Full surgeon at St Bartholomew’s from 1882, resigning through ill health in 1892″],”facts”:[“Baker cannula is a flexible rubber tracheostomy tube he introduced in 1877″,”He described erysipeloid, as erythema serpens, in 1873″,”He edited several editions of Kirkes’ Handbook of Physiology”,”He invented a duplex burner reading lamp in 1860″],”pearl”:”The cyst lies between the medial head of gastrocnemius and semimembranosus. Rupture can mimic a deep vein thrombosis, and in adults treatment is aimed at the intra-articular cause.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. William Morrant Baker.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/william-morrant-baker/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. William Morrant Baker.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrant_Baker”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Baker cyst.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/21117″}],”p”:[“Baker(?:[’’]s)? [Cc]yst”,”Bakers [Cc]yst”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-baker.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”codman”:{“n”:”Ernest Amory Codman”,”d”:”1869 to 1940″,”r”:”American surgeon, Boston”,”sub”:”Codman triangle, 1926, and Codman paradox, 1934″,”wiki”:”Ernest Amory Codman”,”why”:[“Codman set up the first national bone sarcoma registry in 1920. In his 1926 paper on its diagnostic criteria he described the triangle of new bone formed where an aggressive lesion lifts the periosteum.”,”In his 1934 book The Shoulder he described the Codman paradox. A series of rotations about perpendicular axes can return the arm to its start with the humerus rotated about its long axis.”,”The same book set out his work on the subacromial bursa and the torn supraspinatus tendon.”],”pub”:[“Codman EA. Registry of bone sarcoma. Part I, twenty-five criteria for establishing the diagnosis of osteogenic sarcoma. Part II, thirteen registered cases of five year cures analyzed according to these criteria. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1926;42:381-93.”,”Codman EA. The shoulder. Rupture of the supraspinatus tendon and other lesions in or about the subacromial bursa. Boston: Thomas Todd; 1934.”],”work”:[“Born in Boston and graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1895, a classmate and friend of Harvey Cushing”,”First skiagrapher, or radiologist, at Boston Children’s Hospital in 1899″,”Surgeon at the Massachusetts General Hospital until he lost his privileges in 1914″,”Ran his own End Result Hospital from 1911 and published its errors and outcomes”],”facts”:[“His end result idea, following every patient to see whether treatment worked, led to the hospital standards of the American College of Surgeons and the Joint Commission”,”In 1900 he matched Colles’ description of the wrist fracture with X-ray appearances”,”Codman tumour, his 1931 epiphyseal chondromatous giant cell tumour of the humerus, is now called chondroblastoma”,”Pendulum shoulder exercises are still called Codman exercises”],”pearl”:”A Codman triangle signals an aggressive process that outpaces periosteal new bone. It is seen in osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and osteomyelitis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Ernest Amory Codman.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/ernest-amory-codman/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Ernest Amory Codman.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Amory_Codman”}],”p”:[“Codman”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-codman.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”kocher”:{“n”:”Emil Theodor Kocher”,”d”:”1841 to 1917″,”r”:”Swiss surgeon, Bern”,”sub”:”Kocher manoeuvre, 1870, and Kocher approach”,”wiki”:”Emil Theodor Kocher”,”why”:[“In 1870 Kocher published a new method of reducing anterior dislocation of the shoulder that relied on rotating the humerus. The arm is adducted and externally rotated, then brought forward and internally rotated.”,”His lateral approach to the elbow, published between 1892 and 1907, used the interval between extensor carpi ulnaris and anconeus. Modern versions keep only this Kocher interval.”,”The 1907 edition of his operative surgery textbook also set out the posterior approach to the hip now called the Kocher-Langenbeck approach, used for posterior acetabular fractures.”],”pub”:[“Kocher T. Eine neue Reductionsmethode für Schulterverrenkung. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1870;7:101-5.”],”work”:[“Born in Bern and graduated from the University of Bern in 1865″,”Worked in Zürich, where Theodor Billroth influenced him, then studied under Langenbeck in Berlin and visited London and Paris”,”Professor of Surgery and Director of the University Surgical Clinic at the Inselspital, Bern, from 1872″,”Received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1909 for his thyroid work, the first surgeon to do so”],”facts”:[“He cut thyroidectomy mortality from about 14 per cent to well under 1 per cent and described the myxoedema after total thyroidectomy as cachexia strumipriva”,”The Kocher manoeuvre in abdominal surgery mobilises the duodenum, and the Kocher clamp and subcostal incision also carry his name”,”He operated on Lenin’s wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, in Bern in 1913″,”Harvey Cushing worked with him in Bern in 1900″],”pearl”:”In the Kocher elbow approach, stay anterior to the lateral ulnar collateral ligament and pronate the forearm to move the posterior interosseous nerve away.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Emil Theodor Kocher.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/emil-theodor-kocher/”},{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Naňka O, Tuček M. Kocher approach to the elbow and its options. Rozhl Chir. 2015;94(10):405-14. PMID 26556018.”},{“t”:”de Boer DR, Munnik-Hagewoud R, IJpma FFA, van Driel PBAA, Ettema HB. The evolution of the posterior approach in hip surgery. Back to Langenbeck. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2026;411(1):84.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Emil Theodor Kocher.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher”}],”p”:[“Kocher(?:[’’]s)? (?:approach|incision|manoeuvre|maneuver|method|interval)”,”Kocher-Langenbeck”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-kocher.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”kochercrit”:{“n”:”Mininder S Kocher”,”d”:”Born 1966″,”r”:”American paediatric orthopaedic surgeon, Boston”,”sub”:”Kocher criteria, 1999″,”wiki”:”Mininder Kocher”,”why”:[“In 1999 Kocher, Zurakowski and Kasser reviewed children seen at Boston Children’s Hospital from 1979 to 1996 with an acutely irritable hip. Four independent predictors separated septic arthritis from transient synovitis.”,”The predictors are a history of fever, non-weight-bearing, an ESR of at least 40 mm per hour and a white cell count above 12 x 10^9 per litre. The predicted risk rose from under 0.2 per cent with none to 99.6 per cent with all four.”,”A prospective validation in 2004 found the same predictors but lower accuracy. Caird and colleagues added C-reactive protein in 2006.”],”pub”:[“Kocher MS, Zurakowski D, Kasser JR. Differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children. An evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(12):1662-70.”,”Kocher MS, Mandiga R, Zurakowski D, Barnewolt C, Kasser JR. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for the differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(8):1629-35.”],”work”:[“Born in Rochester, New York, and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1989″,”MD from Duke University in 1993 and the Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency in 1998″,”MPH in clinical epidemiology from the Harvard School of Public Health in 2001″,”Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Harvard Medical School and Chief of Sports Medicine at Boston Children’s Hospital”],”facts”:[“The Micheli-Kocher technique reconstructs the ACL in children with open growth plates”,”He was President of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America in 2021 to 2022″],”pearl”:”With three of the four predictors the original predicted probability of septic arthritis was 93 per cent. The rule performs less well in new populations, so aspirate when suspicion is high.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Kocher MS, Zurakowski D, Kasser JR. Differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children. An evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(12):1662-70. PMID 10608376.”},{“t”:”Caird MS, Flynn JM, Leung YL, Millman JE, D’Italia JG, Dormans JP. Factors distinguishing septic arthritis from transient synovitis of the hip in children. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(6):1251-7. PMID 16757758.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Mininder Kocher.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininder_Kocher”},{“t”:”ReachMD. Mininder Kocher, MD, MPH.”,”u”:”https://reachmd.com/profiles/mininder-kocher-md-mph/O96M0L/biography”}],”p”:[“Kocher(?:[’’]s)? criteria”],”req”:””},”henry”:{“n”:”Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry”,”d”:”1886 to 1962″,”r”:”Irish surgeon and anatomist, Dublin and Cairo”,”sub”:”Henry anterior approach to the radius, 1926, and master knot of Henry”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Henry described a complete exposure of the radius from the front in 1926 and set it out in his 1927 book on exposures of the long bones, the first textbook devoted to surgical approaches.”,”In 1945 his larger book, Extensile Exposure, explained how to work through the planes between muscles supplied by different nerves, so that an exposure could be extended safely along a limb. The anterior approach to the radius is the best known of these.”,”The same book describes the crossing of flexor digitorum longus over flexor hallucis longus in the sole of the foot. Anatomists later named this crossing the master knot of Henry.”],”pub”:[“Henry AK. Complete exposure of the radius. Br J Surg. 1926;13(51):506-8.”,”Henry AK. Extensile exposure applied to limb surgery. Edinburgh: E and S Livingstone; 1945.”],”work”:[“Graduated from Trinity College Dublin in 1911 and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1914″,”Served as a surgeon with the Serbian and French armies in the First World War and was decorated by both”,”Surgeon in Dublin, then Professor of Surgery at the University of Cairo”,”Later Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland”],”facts”:[“His wife, Dr Dorothy Milne Henry, was his close collaborator and assistant”,”Bartoníček and Naňka credit Extensile Exposure with introducing the idea of internervous planes. A second edition appeared in 1957″],”pearl”:”In the proximal forearm, supinate the arm before detaching supinator from the radius. This moves the posterior interosseous nerve away from the operative field.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Naňka O. History of surgical approaches in orthopaedics. Int Orthop. 2025;49(6):1537-41.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12075019/”},{“t”:”Gerrand C. Medical classics. Extensile exposure by Arnold K Henry. BMJ. 2007;334(7606):1277.”},{“t”:”Beger O, Çalışır ES, Sevmez F, İnce R, Özdemir A, Keskinbora M. Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry (1886-1962) and his eponym (Master Knot of Henry). A narrative review. Surg Radiol Anat. 2022;44(1):157-68.”},{“t”:”Burrows HJ. Extensile exposure, 2nd edition, by Arnold K Henry (book review). J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1958;40-B(4):843.”,”u”:”https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/0301-620X.40B4.843″}],”p”:[“Henry(?:[’’]s)? (?:[Aa]pproach|anterior|volar|exposure|interval)”,”[Vv]olar Henry”,”[Mm]odified Henry”,”[Kk]not of Henry”],”req”:””},”thompson”:{“n”:”James Edwin Thompson”,”d”:”1863 to 1927″,”r”:”English-born American surgeon, Galveston, Texas”,”sub”:”Thompson dorsal approach to the radius, 1918″,”wiki”:”James Edwin Thompson”,”why”:[“In 1918 Thompson published a long paper on anatomical approaches to the long bones of the limbs. He set out the aims of a good approach, which were easy access, sparing sensory and motor nerves, avoiding needless muscle injury and keeping the blood supply to bone.”,”The paper described approaches to the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula. Today it is cited mainly for the dorsal, or posterolateral, approach to the radial shaft, which carries his name.”],”pub”:[“Thompson JE. Anatomical methods of approach in operations on the long bones of the extremities. Ann Surg. 1918;68(3):309-29.”],”work”:[“Born in Norwich, England, in 1863 and educated at Witton Grammar School and Owens College, Manchester”,”Graduated MB from the University of London in 1887 and BS in 1888, then FRCS in 1889″,”House surgeon at the Manchester Royal Infirmary”,”Moved to Galveston in 1891 as the first Professor of Surgery at the University of Texas Medical Branch, a post he held until his death”,”Surgeon to the John Sealy Hospital, Galveston”],”facts”:[“A founding member and first vice president of the American College of Surgeons in 1913″,”President of the Southern Surgical Association”,”His son Frederick Roeck Thompson designed the Thompson hemiarthroplasty of the hip”,”All four of his sons became doctors”],”pearl”:”The approach uses the interval between extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor digitorum. The posterior interosseous nerve runs through supinator in the proximal third and should be found and protected there.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Naňka O. History of surgical approaches in orthopaedics. Int Orthop. 2025;49(6):1537-41.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12075019/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. James Edwin Thompson.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edwin_Thompson”},{“t”:”Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Thompson, James Edwin (d. 1927).”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E003257b.htm”},{“t”:”Moody Medical Library, UTMB. Portraits of history. James Edwin Thompson.”,”u”:”https://www.utmb.edu/ar/blocker/digital-collections/portraits-of-history/thompson”}],”p”:[“Thompson(?:[’’]s)? approach”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-thompson.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”smithpetersen”:{“n”:”Marius Nygaard Smith-Petersen”,”d”:”1886 to 1953″,”r”:”Norwegian-born American orthopaedic surgeon, Boston”,”sub”:”Smith-Petersen anterior approach to the hip, 1917″,”wiki”:”Marius Nygaard Smith-Petersen”,”why”:[“In 1917 Smith-Petersen described a supra-articular, subperiosteal approach to the front of the hip. He later used it for his mould arthroplasty and described it again in 1949.”,”Carl Hueter of Germany had described the same interval in the nineteenth century, so the approach is sometimes called the Hueter approach. The modern direct anterior approach for hip replacement uses this interval.”],”pub”:[“Smith-Petersen MN. A new supra-articular subperiosteal approach to the hip joint. Am J Orthop Surg. 1917;s2-15:592-5.”,”Smith-Petersen MN. Approach to and exposure of the hip joint for mold arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1949;31A(1):40-6.”],”work”:[“Born in Grimstad, Norway, and emigrated with his mother to Milwaukee in 1903″,”Graduated from the University of Wisconsin and from Harvard Medical School in 1914″,”Interned at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital under Harvey Cushing, then trained in orthopaedics at the Massachusetts General Hospital”,”Chief of the orthopaedic service at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1929 to 1946″,”Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Harvard from 1935 to 1946″],”facts”:[“His three-flanged nail for femoral neck fractures was published with Cave and Van Gorder in 1931″,”His mould arthroplasty began with glass in 1923 and later moved to Vitallium”,”In 1936 he described anterior impingement of the femoral neck on the acetabular rim, decades before modern femoroacetabular impingement surgery”,”He served with the First Harvard Unit in France in the First World War”],”pearl”:”Superficially the interval lies between sartorius (femoral nerve) and tensor fasciae latae (superior gluteal nerve). The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve crosses the field and is the nerve most often injured.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Brand RA. Femoroacetabular impingement. Current status of diagnosis and treatment. Marius Nygaard Smith-Petersen, 1886-1953. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(3):605-7.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2635449/”},{“t”:”Rachbauer F, Kain MS, Leunig M. The history of the anterior approach to the hip. Orthop Clin North Am. 2009;40(3):311-20.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Marius Nygaard Smith-Petersen.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Nygaard_Smith-Petersen”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Smith-Petersen’s nail or pin.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3158.html”}],”p”:[“Smith[- ]Peters[eo]n”],”req”:””},”watsonjones”:{“n”:”Reginald Watson-Jones”,”d”:”1902 to 1972″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, Liverpool and London”,”sub”:”Watson-Jones anterolateral approach to the hip, 1936″,”wiki”:”Reginald Watson-Jones”,”why”:[“In a 1936 paper on fractures of the femoral neck, Watson-Jones used an anterolateral approach through the interval between tensor fasciae latae and gluteus medius.”,”Watson-Jones popularised the interval for hip fracture surgery and his name stayed with it. It is the basis of modern anterolateral approaches for hip replacement.”],”pub”:[“Watson-Jones R. Fractures of the neck of the femur. Br J Surg. 1936;23:787-808.”],”work”:[“Born in Brighton in 1902″,”Graduated MB ChB from Liverpool in 1924 and gained the Master of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1926″,”Honorary assistant surgeon at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary from 1926, recommended by his mentor Sir Robert Jones”,”Civilian consultant to the RAF in the Second World War, then founded the Department of Orthopaedics and Accidents at the London Hospital in 1942″,”Knighted in 1945 and orthopaedic surgeon to King George VI from 1946 to 1952″],”facts”:[“His textbook Fractures and Joint Injuries first appeared in 1940 and reached a fifth edition in 1969″,”He was born Reginald Watson Jones and adopted the hyphenated surname in 1937″,”Editor of the British volume of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery from 1948 until his death”,”His RAF rehabilitation units returned many injured pilots to flying duty”],”pearl”:”Tensor fasciae latae and gluteus medius are both supplied by the superior gluteal nerve, so this interval is not internervous. The nerve can be injured if the dissection runs too far proximally.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Cozzi Lepri A, Villano M, Matassi F, Carulli C, Innocenti M, Civinini R. Anterolateral approach to the hip. A systematic review of the correct definition of terms. Hip Int. 2020;30(2 Suppl):13-9.”},{“t”:”Somford MP, Hoornenborg D, Wiegerinck JI, Bolder SB, Schreurs BW. Eponymous hip joint approaches. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136(7):1007-14.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Reginald Watson-Jones.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Watson-Jones”}],”p”:[“Watson-Jones”],”req”:””},”hardinge”:{“n”:”Kevin Hardinge”,”d”:”1939 to 2025″,”r”:”British orthopaedic surgeon, Wrightington”,”sub”:”Hardinge direct lateral approach to the hip, 1982″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Hardinge trained under John Charnley at Wrightington, where hip replacement was done through a trochanteric osteotomy.”,”In 1982 he described a direct lateral approach that reached the hip by splitting gluteus medius in continuity with vastus lateralis, leaving the greater trochanter intact. A later Wrightington study found abductor strength similar after either method.”],”pub”:[“Hardinge K. The direct lateral approach to the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1982;64(1):17-9.”],”work”:[“Born on the Isle of Man in 1939 and studied medicine at Liverpool from 1957 to 1962″,”Senior registrar at Wrightington Hospital under Sir John Charnley”,”Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1971″,”Consultant at the Manchester Royal Infirmary from 1973, then at Wrightington from 1976 to 1999″,”Clinical Director of Orthopaedic Surgery at Wrightington from 1992 to 1994″],”facts”:[“He designed the Duo-Glide knee, the Wrightington frusto-conical cemented stem and the Hardinge cement restrictor”,”The British Orthopaedic Association awarded him the Robert Jones Gold Medal, proxime accessit, in 1990″,”He served on the editorial committee of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery from 1992 to 1996″,”Most surgeons now use a modified version that splits only the anterior part of gluteus medius”],”pearl”:”Extending the gluteus medius split too far above the trochanter injures the inferior branch of the superior gluteal nerve and can leave a Trendelenburg gait.”,”src”:[{“t”:”British Orthopaedic Association. Kevin Hardinge, obituary.”,”u”:”https://www.boa.ac.uk/resource/kevin-hardinge.html”},{“t”:”Minns RJ, Crawford RJ, Porter ML, Hardinge K. Muscle strength following total hip arthroplasty. A comparison of trochanteric osteotomy and the direct lateral approach. J Arthroplasty. 1993;8(6):625-7.”},{“t”:”Somford MP, Hoornenborg D, Wiegerinck JI, Bolder SB, Schreurs BW. Eponymous hip joint approaches. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136(7):1007-14.”}],”p”:[“Hardinge”],”req”:””},”mooreapproach”:{“n”:”Austin Talley Moore”,”d”:”1899 to 1963″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, Columbia, South Carolina”,”sub”:”Moore posterior (southern) approach and Austin Moore prosthesis, 1950s”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In September 1940 Moore and Harold Bohlman replaced the upper femur of a 46 year old man with a giant cell tumour with a custom Vitallium prosthesis, one of the first metal hip replacements. They reported it in 1943.”,”Moore went on to design a stemmed Vitallium hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures, described as self-locking in 1952 and in a fuller report in 1957.”,”He inserted it through a posterior approach to the hip, which is now known as the Moore or southern approach.”],”pub”:[“Moore AT. Metal hip joint. A new self-locking vitallium prosthesis. South Med J. 1952;45(11):1015-9.”,”Moore AT. The self-locking metal hip prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1957;39-A(4):811-27.”],”work”:[“Born in Ridgeway, South Carolina, in 1899″,”Graduated in medicine from the Medical College of South Carolina in 1924″,”Trained in Philadelphia from 1925 to 1927 under A Bruce Gill”,”Founded the Moore Orthopaedic Clinic in Columbia in 1928, the first orthopaedic clinic in the region”,”Set up children’s clinics across the state and the Columbia Brace Shop for children with polio”],”facts”:[“He had one of his prostheses welded to the bonnet of his 1951 Chrysler Imperial convertible”,”In 1934 he and Robert Sumwalt developed adjustable pins for undisplaced femoral neck fractures”,”Frederick Roeck Thompson in New York developed a rival stemmed hemiarthroplasty at about the same time”,”The Bohlman patient died two years later of heart failure, and no corrosion was found at autopsy”],”pearl”:”The Austin Moore is an uncemented monoblock hemiarthroplasty. Current hip fracture guidelines favour a cemented stem. In the posterior approach, protect the sciatic nerve and repair the capsule and short external rotators.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Chillag KJ. Giants of orthopaedic surgery. Austin T. Moore MD. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(12):2606-10.”},{“t”:”Hernigou P, Quiennec S, Guissou I. Hip hemiarthroplasty. From Venable and Bohlman to Moore and Thompson. Int Orthop. 2014;38(3):655-61.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Austin Moore.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/austin-talley-moore/”},{“t”:”Somford MP, Hoornenborg D, Wiegerinck JI, Bolder SB, Schreurs BW. Eponymous hip joint approaches. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136(7):1007-14.”}],”p”:[“Moore(?:[’’]s)? (?:approach|prosthes|hemiarthroplasty|or Southern|for displaced)”,”Moores for”,”Austin Moore”,”Southern (?:approach|exposure)”],”req”:””},”langenbeck”:{“n”:”Bernhard von Langenbeck”,”d”:”1810 to 1887″,”r”:”German surgeon, Kiel and Berlin”,”sub”:”Kocher-Langenbeck approach to the hip, 1907″,”wiki”:”Bernhard von Langenbeck”,”why”:[“The Kocher-Langenbeck approach is the posterior approach to the hip and acetabulum. It joins the names of two German-speaking surgeons of different generations.”,”Theodor Kocher set out the approach in the 1907 edition of his textbook of operative surgery, first published in 1892. Kocher had studied under Langenbeck in Berlin in 1865, and Langenbeck’s name is linked with the posterior route to the hip.”,”Judet and Letournel adopted it as their standard approach for posterior acetabular fractures.”],”pub”:[“Kocher T. Chirurgische Operationslehre. 5th ed. Jena: Fischer; 1907.”],”work”:[“Born in Padingbüttel, Germany, and studied medicine at Göttingen, where his uncle Konrad Langenbeck taught him”,”Doctorate in 1835 with a thesis on the structure of the retina”,”Professor of Surgery and Director of the Friedrichs Hospital, Kiel, from 1842″,”Succeeded Dieffenbach as director of the Clinical Institute for Surgery in Berlin in 1848 and held the post until 1882″,”Military surgeon in four wars, from the First Schleswig War of 1848 to the Franco-Prussian War, and ennobled for his service in 1864″],”facts”:[“Called the father of the surgical residency. His Berlin house staff included Billroth and Kocher”,”He founded the surgical journal now called Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery and co-founded the German Society of Surgery”,”Around 21 operations and many surgical instruments are credited to him, and his cleft palate repair was later modified by Kirschner”,”He was an authority on gunshot wounds and military surgery”],”pearl”:”The sciatic nerve is at risk. Keep the hip extended and the knee flexed to slacken it, and divide the short external rotators away from their insertion to protect the medial femoral circumflex artery.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Mehlman CT, Meiss L, DiPasquale TG. Hyphenated-history. The Kocher-Langenbeck surgical approach. J Orthop Trauma. 2000;14(1):60-4.”},{“t”:”Cesmebasi A, Oelhafen K, Shayota BJ, Klaassen Z, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. A historical perspective. Bernhard von Langenbeck German surgeon (1810-1887). Clin Anat. 2014;27(7):972-5.”},{“t”:”Bartoníček J, Naňka O. History of surgical approaches in orthopaedics. Int Orthop. 2025;49(6):1537-41.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12075019/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Bernhard von Langenbeck.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_Langenbeck”}],”p”:[“Langenbeck”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-langenbeck.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”stoppa”:{“n”:”René Stoppa”,”d”:”1921 to 2006″,”r”:”French general surgeon, Amiens”,”sub”:”Stoppa approach, from his preperitoneal hernia repair of 1965″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Stoppa was a general surgeon. In 1965 he developed a repair for difficult groin hernias that wrapped the hernial sac in a large sheet of synthetic mesh, placed through a lower midline incision into the preperitoneal space.”,”The repair became known as giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac. Pelvic surgeons later used the same extraperitoneal route to reach the inner pelvis.”,”Cole and Bolhofner described a modified Stoppa approach for acetabular fractures in 1994, and the name passed into orthopaedics.”],”pub”:[“Stoppa R, Petit J, Henry X. Unsutured Dacron prosthesis in groin hernias. Int Surg. 1975;60(8):411-2.”,”Cole JD, Bolhofner BR. Acetabular fracture fixation via a modified Stoppa limited intrapelvic approach. Description of operative technique and preliminary treatment results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(305):112-23.”],”work”:[“Born in a fishing village in the Constantinois region of French Algeria”,”Began medicine at the University of Algiers in 1939 and served with the French First Army from 1942 to 1945″,”Worked in the Algiers anatomy laboratory from 1947 to 1954 and qualified in surgery in 1954″,”Surgeon-in-chief at Amiens from 1965 and professor at its Faculty of Medicine from 1967″,”Professor emeritus from 1992″],”facts”:[“He wrote more than 500 papers and made twelve surgical films”,”George Wantz of New York helped him promote the giant mesh repair in North America”,”He founded the Amiens school of surgery and led teaching missions to Africa and South America”,”He was a founding member of the French hernia research group GREPA”],”pearl”:”Look for the corona mortis, a vascular connection between the obturator and external iliac or inferior epigastric vessels crossing the superior pubic ramus. Ligate it before it is torn.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Verhaeghe P, Bendavid R. René Stoppa (1921-2006). Hernia. 2007;11(1):1-3.”},{“t”:”Stoppa RE, Rives JL, Warlaumont CR, Palot JP, Verhaeghe PJ, Delattre JF. The use of Dacron in the repair of hernias of the groin. Surg Clin North Am. 1984;64(2):269-85.”},{“t”:”Flament JB, Alexandre JH, Palot JP. Jean Rives. Hernia. 2012;16(4):375-7.”}],”p”:[“Stoppa”],”req”:””},”letournel”:{“n”:”Emile Letournel and Robert Judet”,”d”:”1927 to 1994 and 1909 to 1980″,”r”:”French orthopaedic surgeons, Paris”,”sub”:”Letournel (Judet-Letournel) classification, 1964, and ilioinguinal approach, 1965″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Letournel joined Robert Judet in Paris in the 1950s. Disappointed by the results of closed treatment, they studied acetabular fractures in detail and published their classification and approaches in 1964.”,”The classification describes five elementary and five associated patterns, read from plain films, and guides the choice of approach. They recommended open reduction for all displaced fractures.”,”Judet and Letournel used the Kocher-Langenbeck approach for posterior fractures. After anatomical study, Letournel introduced the ilioinguinal approach for the anterior column in 1965.”],”pub”:[“Judet R, Judet J, Letournel E. Fractures of the acetabulum. Classification and surgical approaches for open reduction. Preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1964;46:1615-46.”,”Letournel E. Acetabulum fractures. Classification and management. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;(151):81-106.”],”work”:[“Letournel was born on Saint-Pierre, in the French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon off Canada, and entered the Paris medical faculty in 1946″,”Their textbook appeared in English in 1981, with a revised edition in 1993″,”Letournel was guest of honour at the AO course in Davos in 1982 and taught pelvic courses in Paris and North America”],”facts”:[“In the 1980s Letournel trained five North American surgeons, later called the acetabular club, including Joel Matta”,”With Judet he modified the Smith-Petersen iliofemoral approach to expose the inner surface of the ilium”,”The classification was published in 1964 and refined slightly in 1974″,”The iliac and obturator oblique radiographs used to read these fractures are called Judet views”],”pearl”:”Classify on the AP pelvis and the two Judet views, confirmed with CT. Both column fractures are recognised by the spur sign on the obturator oblique view.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Cimerman M, Kristan A, Jug M, Tomaževič M. Fractures of the acetabulum. From yesterday to tomorrow. Int Orthop. 2021;45(4):1057-64.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8052228/”},{“t”:”Keel MJB, Bastian JD, Büchler L, Siebenrock KA. Anteriore Zugänge zum Acetabulum. Unfallchirurg. 2013;116(3):213-20.”},{“t”:”Johnson EE, Matta JM, Mayo KA, Mast JW, Martimbeau C. A tribute to Emile Letournel, MD (1927-1994). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;(310):281-2.”}],”p”:[“Letournel”,”Judet”],”req”:””},”ilizarov”:{“n”:”Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov”,”d”:”1921 to 1992″,”r”:”Soviet orthopaedic surgeon, Kurgan”,”sub”:”Ilizarov frame and distraction osteogenesis, 1951″,”wiki”:”Gavriil Ilizarov”,”why”:[“Working with few resources in Siberia, Ilizarov developed a circular external fixator held by tensioned transfixion wires in 1951.”,”He found that bone divided with minimal damage and then distracted slowly in small steps formed new bone and soft tissue. He called this the tension-stress effect and studied it in canine experiments, published in English in 1989.”,”His method reached the West after the Italian mountaineer Carlo Mauri was treated in Kurgan in 1980 for a malunited tibial fracture, and Ilizarov lectured at Bellagio in Italy in 1981.”],”pub”:[“Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(238):249-81.”,”Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(239):263-85.”],”work”:[“Born in Białowieża, then in Poland, in 1921″,”Studied at the Crimean Medical Institute, evacuated to Kazakhstan in the war, and graduated in 1944″,”Rural doctor at Dolgovka in Kurgan Oblast from 1944″,”Chief of Trauma and Orthopaedics at the Kurgan war veterans’ hospital from 1955″,”Director of the Kurgan Research Institute for Experimental and Clinical Orthopaedics and Traumatology from 1971 to 1991″],”facts”:[“In 1968 he successfully treated the leg of Valeriy Brumel, the 1964 Olympic high jump champion, injured in a motorcycle accident”,”Carlo Mauri called him the Michelangelo of orthopaedics”,”The Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI) formed in Italy in 1982″,”He received the Lenin Prize, and a minor planet is named after him”],”pearl”:”Classic Ilizarov lengthening uses a low energy corticotomy, a latency period, then distraction at about 1 mm a day in several small steps, followed by consolidation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Gavriil Ilizarov.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriil_Ilizarov”},{“t”:”Ilizarov GA. Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;(250):8-26.”},{“t”:”Jordan CJ, Goldstein RY, McLaurin TM, Grant A. The evolution of the Ilizarov technique. Part 1. The history of limb lengthening. Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013). 2013;71(1):89-95.”}],”p”:[“Ilizarov”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-ilizarov.jpg”,”cr”:”Prof. Dr. med. Bernd-Dietmar Partecke, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0″},”ponseti”:{“n”:”Ignacio Ponseti”,”d”:”1914 to 2009″,”r”:”Spanish-born American orthopaedic surgeon, Iowa City”,”sub”:”Ponseti method for clubfoot, 1963″,”wiki”:”Ignacio Ponseti”,”why”:[“Following up adults treated surgically for clubfoot at Iowa, Ponseti found many had stiff, weak and painful feet. From dissections of stillborn infants he worked out the hindfoot movements and in 1948 began correcting clubfeet by manipulation and serial casting.”,”He and Smoley published the results in 1963. Surgeons were slow to adopt it until his 1996 book and parents searching the internet spread the method. It is now the standard treatment worldwide.”],”pub”:[“Ponseti IV, Smoley EN. Congenital club foot. The results of treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:261-344.”,”Ponseti IV. Congenital clubfoot. Fundamentals of treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996.”],”work”:[“Born in Ciutadella de Menorca, Spain, in 1914, son of a watchmaker”,”Studied medicine at the University of Barcelona and sat his final examinations in 1936, the day before the Civil War began”,”Medical officer treating fractures and war wounds on the Republican side”,”Escaped to France in 1939, then spent two years in general practice in Juchitepec, Mexico”,”Moved to Iowa City in 1941 to train under Arthur Steindler and spent the rest of his career at the University of Iowa”],”facts”:[“He crossed into France in 1939 while moving wounded soldiers by mule”,”World Clubfoot Day is held on 3 June, his birthday”,”The Ponseti International Association was founded in 2006″,”He also taught pathology to Iowa residents and researched scoliosis and cartilage”],”pearl”:”Correct cavus first by elevating the first metatarsal, then abduct the foot around a thumb on the talar head. Never pronate. Most need a percutaneous tendo Achillis tenotomy, and bracing prevents relapse.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Brand RA. Clubfoot. Etiology and treatment. Ignacio V. Ponseti, MD, 1914-. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(5):1121-3.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2664435/”},{“t”:”Ippolito E. Obituary. Professor Ignacio V. Ponseti (1914-2009). J Child Orthop. 2010;4(1):1-2.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Ignacio Ponseti.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Ponseti”}],”p”:[“Ponseti”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-ponseti.jpg”,”cr”:”Carles garcia-roca, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0″},”charnley”:{“n”:”John Charnley”,”d”:”1911 to 1982″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, Manchester and Wrightington”,”sub”:”Charnley low friction arthroplasty, 1962″,”wiki”:”John Charnley”,”why”:[“Charnley studied joint lubrication and concluded that low friction depended on the bearing materials. His first sockets were made of PTFE (Teflon), which wore rapidly and caused granulomas, so almost all needed further surgery.”,”In November 1962 he changed to high molecular weight polyethylene, articulating with a small metal head. He fixed the components with acrylic cement, reported in 1960.”,”This combination became the low friction arthroplasty and the model for modern hip replacement.”],”pub”:[“Charnley J. Anchorage of the femoral head prosthesis to the shaft of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1960;42-B:28-30.”,”Charnley J. Arthroplasty of the hip. A new operation. Lancet. 1961;1(7187):1129-32.”],”work”:[“Born in Bury, Lancashire, and graduated from Manchester in 1935″,”House surgeon at the Manchester Royal Infirmary, then resident surgical officer at Salford Royal Hospital”,”Joint honorary assistant orthopaedic surgeon at the Manchester Royal Infirmary from 1947″,”Set up a centre for hip surgery at Wrightington Hospital from 1958, with a biomechanics laboratory opened in 1961″,”Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and knighted in 1977″],”facts”:[“His book The Closed Treatment of Common Fractures appeared in 1950, followed by Compression Arthrodesis in 1953″,”In 1961 he introduced a clean air enclosure in theatre, later adding body exhaust suits”,”He received the Lasker award in 1974″,”Kevin Hardinge, of the direct lateral approach, trained under him at Wrightington”],”pearl”:”Charnley used a 22 mm head to reduce frictional torque at the cup and cement interface, accepting a higher risk of dislocation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. John Charnley.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charnley”},{“t”:”Eftekhar NS. The life and work of John Charnley (August 29, 1911 to August 5, 1982). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;(211):10-22.”},{“t”:”Somford MP, Hoornenborg D, Wiegerinck JI, Bolder SB, Schreurs BW. Eponymous hip joint approaches. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136(7):1007-14.”}],”p”:[“Charnley”],”req”:””},”latarjet”:{“n”:”Michel Latarjet”,”d”:”1913 to 1999″,”r”:”French surgeon and anatomist, Lyon”,”sub”:”Latarjet procedure, 1954″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1954 Latarjet described transferring the coracoid process through the subscapularis to the front of the glenoid neck for recurrent shoulder dislocation. He laid the coracoid flat against the neck and fixed it with a screw.”,”Albert Trillat described another coracoid procedure in the same issue of Lyon Chirurgical. Because Bristow’s operation is similar, the names are often joined as the Bristow-Latarjet procedure.”],”pub”:[“Latarjet M. Traitement de la luxation récidivante de l’épaule. Lyon Chir. 1954;49(8):994-7.”],”work”:[“Born in Lyon on 1 January 1913, son of the anatomist André Latarjet”,”Intern in the Lyon hospitals in 1933 and MD in 1939, with a thesis on surgery for bronchiectasis”,”Surgeon to the Lyon hospitals from 1953″,”Chair of Anatomy in Lyon from 1958, then Professor of Clinical Surgery from 1970″,”President of the French Society of Thoracic Surgery”],”facts”:[“He was mainly a thoracic surgeon and anatomist”,”He updated the Testut and Latarjet anatomy textbook written by his father”,”In 1948 he and his brother Raymond went with Paul-Émile Victor to Greenland to help set up the first glaciology station”,”He was president of the Lyon Philharmonic Society from 1965″],”pearl”:”The transfer stabilises through the bone block, the sling of the conjoint tendon over the lower subscapularis and the capsular repair. It suits recurrent instability with glenoid bone loss.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Mikaeloff P. Latarjet Michel Eugène. Dictionnaire historique des académiciens de Lyon.”,”u”:”https://academie-sbla-lyon.fr/Dictionnaire/entree/901/pdf”},{“t”:”van der Linde JA, van Wijngaarden R, Somford MP, van Deurzen DF, van den Bekerom MP. The Bristow-Latarjet procedure, a historical note on a technique in comeback. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24(2):470-8.”},{“t”:”Mercier N, Saragaglia D. Mini-open Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Adv Orthop. 2011;2011:656205.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3235430/”}],”p”:[“Latarjet”],”req”:””},”bristow”:{“n”:”Walter Rowley Bristow”,”d”:”1882 to 1947″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Bristow procedure, described by Helfet in 1958″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Bristow never published the operation. In 1958 Arthur Helfet described transferring the tip of the coracoid, with the conjoint tendon, through a split in subscapularis and suturing it to the anterior glenoid neck.”,”Helfet named it after his former chief at St Thomas’ Hospital, who had died ten years earlier. Helfet later admitted that the coracoid transfer was his own idea and that he used the name to honour Bristow.”],”pub”:[“Helfet AJ. Coracoid transplantation for recurring dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1958;40-B(2):198-202.”],”work”:[“Born in 1882 and educated at Brighton Grammar School and St Thomas’s Hospital, London”,”FRCS in 1909, then demonstrator of anatomy and house surgeon at St Thomas’s”,”Medical officer to the Middlesex Yeomanry at Gallipoli and surgeon to the military orthopaedic hospital at Shepherd’s Bush from 1916″,”Deputy to Sir Robert Jones in the orthopaedic department at St Thomas’s from 1919″,”Consultant in orthopaedics to the Army, with the rank of brigadier, from 1941 to 1945″],”facts”:[“President of the British Orthopaedic Association in 1937″,”He ran the electrical treatment department at St Thomas’s”,”The orthopaedic hospital at Pyrford was renamed the Rowley Bristow Orthopaedic Hospital after his death”],”pearl”:”In the modified Bristow the small coracoid tip is fixed upright with one screw and works mainly as a sling. The modern Latarjet lays a longer segment flat on the glenoid neck with two screws, adding a larger bone block.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. Bristow, Walter Rowley (1882 to 1947).”,”u”:”https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E003905b.htm”},{“t”:”Garcia JC, do Amaral FM, Belchior RJ, de Carvalho LQ, Markarian GG, Montero EFS. Comparative systematic review of fixation methods of the coracoid and conjoined tendon in the anterior glenoid to treat anterior shoulder instability. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(1):2325967118820539.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6348521/”},{“t”:”Mercier N, Saragaglia D. Mini-open Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Adv Orthop. 2011;2011:656205.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3235430/”}],”p”:[“Bristow”],”req”:””},”kirschner”:{“n”:”Martin Kirschner”,”d”:”1879 to 1942″,”r”:”German surgeon, Königsberg, Tübingen and Heidelberg”,”sub”:”Kirschner wire, 1909″,”wiki”:”Martin Kirschner”,”why”:[“In 1909 Kirschner published his method of skeletal traction. He drilled thin chromed piano wire, 0.7 to 1.5 mm across, through bone and tensioned it in a horseshoe stirrup so that it stayed rigid.”,”Steinmann had used a pin for skeletal traction in 1908, and Codivilla earlier still. Kirschner used his wire only for traction. Otto Loewe and René Sommer first used it to fix fractures in 1932.”,”The term Kirschner wire appeared in 1931 and came into common use from 1932. German surgeons often call them drill wires.”],”pub”:[“Kirschner M. Ueber Nagelextension. Beitr Klin Chir. 1909;64:266-79.”,”Kirschner M. Verbesserungen der Drahtextension. Arch Klin Chir. 1927;148:651-8.”],”work”:[“Born in Breslau, now Wrocław, Poland, in 1879″,”Studied at Freiburg, Strasbourg and Munich, graduating in 1904″,”Trained under Erwin Payr at Greifswald from 1908 and moved with him to Königsberg in 1910″,”Professor of Surgery at Königsberg from 1916 and at Tübingen from 1927″,”Moved to Heidelberg in 1934, the year he was President of the German Society of Surgery”],”facts”:[“In 1924 he performed the first successful pulmonary embolectomy”,”In 1933 he treated trigeminal neuralgia by electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion, an early human stereotactic operation”,”He introduced an adjustable technique of spinal anaesthesia in 1931″,”He published 249 papers and edited five journals”],”pearl”:”K-wires hold position but do not compress and resist bending poorly. Two parallel wires with a figure of eight wire make a tension band for olecranon and patellar fractures.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Huber W. Historical remarks on Martin Kirschner and the development of the Kirschner (K)-wire. Indian J Plast Surg. 2008;41(1):89-92.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2739562/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Martin Kirschner.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/martin-kirschner/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Martin Kirschner.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kirschner”}],”p”:[“Kirschner”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-kirschner.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”steinmann”:{“n”:”Fritz Steinmann”,”d”:”1872 to 1932″,”r”:”Swiss surgeon, Bern”,”sub”:”Steinmann pin, 1907″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Steinmann devised skeletal traction through a metal nail driven across the distal fragment, so that the pull acted on the bone itself. Before this, traction was applied through plaster or adhesive strips on the skin, which caused pain and skin necrosis.”,”His first idea was a single sharp pin passing right through the limb. In his first paper he described two half pins driven in from each side, fearing infection when a through and through pin was withdrawn. The single transfixing pin was later adopted and carries his name.”,”The Italian surgeon Alessandro Codivilla had developed the same idea in 1904, a priority that is often overlooked in German speaking countries.”],”pub”:[“Steinmann F. Eine neue Extensionsmethode in der Frakturenbehandlung. Zentralbl Chir. 1907;34:938-42.”,”Steinmann F. Die Nagelextension der Knochenbrüche. Neue Deutsche Chirurgie, Band 1. Stuttgart: Enke; 1912.”],”work”:[“Swiss surgeon who practised and taught in Bern”,”Published nail extension in the Zentralblatt für Chirurgie in 1907 and wrote on it repeatedly until 1912″,”Wrote the first volume of the Neue Deutsche Chirurgie series in 1912, Die Nagelextension der Knochenbrüche”,”Later wrote on gunshot fractures of the limbs (1916) and on functional treatment of fractures (1919)”],”facts”:[“Martin Kirschner built on Steinmann’s principle and introduced much thinner tensioned wires, now called K-wires”,”Steinmann pins measured 3 to 5 mm in diameter and were inserted with a hand driver”,”Becker described traction through a bone drilled right across in 1908, a year after Steinmann’s first paper”],”pearl”:”For skeletal traction, place a distal femoral pin from medial to lateral to protect the femoral artery, and a proximal tibial pin from lateral to medial to protect the common peroneal nerve.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Huber W. Historical remarks on Martin Kirschner and the development of the Kirschner (K)-wire. Indian J Plast Surg. 2008;41(1):89-92.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2739562/”},{“t”:”Wolf JH. Fritz Steinmann. Initiator der endostalen Dauerzugbehandlung (Nagelextension). Oper Orthop Traumatol. 1990;2(3):227-31.”,”u”:”https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02511347″},{“t”:”Lindsay SE, Holmes S, Owen J, Swarup I, Halsey M. The pin. An orthopaedic transformation. J Pediatr Orthop Soc North Am. 2022;4(2).”,”u”:”https://www.jposna.org/index.php/jposna/article/view/448/656″},{“t”:”HistoryofMedicine.com. Steinmann F. Eine neue Extensionsmethode in der Frakturenbehandlung.”,”u”:”https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6275″}],”p”:[“Steinmann”],”req”:””},”thomas”:{“n”:”Hugh Owen Thomas”,”d”:”1834 to 1891″,”r”:”Welsh orthopaedic surgeon, Liverpool”,”sub”:”Thomas splint and Thomas test, 1875″,”wiki”:”Hugh Owen Thomas”,”why”:[“Thomas believed that injured and diseased bones and joints needed rest that was enforced, uninterrupted and prolonged. He designed splints to give that rest, made in his own workshop by a smith and a leather worker.”,”His 1875 book on the hip, knee and ankle described his hip and knee splints. The knee splint, first made to rest tuberculous knees, has a padded ring at the top of the thigh, two side bars and traction at the ankle. It became the Thomas splint.”,”The same book illustrated the Thomas test for fixed flexion of the hip. Flexing the opposite hip flattens the lumbar spine, so a hidden flexion contracture of the tested hip lifts the thigh off the couch.”],”pub”:[“Thomas HO. Diseases of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, with their deformities, treated by a new and efficient method. Liverpool; 1875.”],”work”:[“Born on Anglesey on 23 August 1834 into a family of Welsh bonesetters, son of Evan Thomas”,”Apprenticed to his uncle Dr Owen Roberts, then studied at Edinburgh from 1855 and at University College London”,”Qualified MRCS in 1857 and studied surgery in Paris”,”Practised in Liverpool from 11 Nelson Street from 1866, treating mostly poor patients at his own house”,”Never held a hospital appointment”],”facts”:[“His nephew Robert Jones lived with him from age 16 and learned fracture care and brace making in his house”,”Jones took the Thomas splint to the Western Front in the First World War, where it sharply reduced deaths from femoral fractures”,”Other eponyms include the Thomas collar for cervical tuberculosis, the Thomas wrench and the Thomas heel”,”A stone thrown by a schoolboy damaged one eye, and he wore an eye patch and a cap pulled down over it”],”pearl”:”In the Thomas test, flex the opposite hip fully until the lumbar lordosis is flat. If the tested thigh rises from the couch, the angle it makes is the fixed flexion deformity.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Hugh Owen Thomas.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Owen_Thomas”},{“t”:”Who Named It. Hugh Owen Thomas.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2947.html”},{“t”:”Carter AJ. Hugh Owen Thomas. The cripple’s champion. BMJ. 1991;303(6817):1578-81.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Sir Robert Jones, 1st Baronet.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Jones,_1st_Baronet”}],”p”:[“Thomas(?:[’’]s)? (?:splint|test|Test)”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-thomas.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”pavlik”:{“n”:”Arnold Pavlík”,”d”:”1902 to 1962″,”r”:”Czech orthopaedic surgeon, Olomouc”,”sub”:”Pavlik harness, 1950″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Pavlík devised a harness of straps and stirrups that holds the infant hip flexed and stops it from extending and adducting, while leaving it free to move. Active kicking within the harness lets a dislocated hip reduce itself and the acetabulum develop.”,”He began treating infants this way in 1942 to 1943, making the first harnesses himself, and presented his results in Prague in 1946. He first published the stirrups in 1950 and set out the method in German in 1957, which brought it to international attention.”,”In his own series of 632 dislocated hips, avascular necrosis occurred only in hips that failed to reduce spontaneously and needed manual reduction.”],”pub”:[“Pavlik A. Stirrups as an aid in the treatment of congenital dysplasias of the hip in children. 1950. Reprinted in J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9(2):157-9.”,”Pavlik A. Die funktionelle Behandlungsmethode mittels Riemenbügel als Prinzip der konservativen Therapie bei angeborenen Hüftgelenksverrenkungen der Säuglinge. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1957;89:341-52. English translation in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(281):4-10.”],”work”:[“Born on 17 March 1902 in Slavkov u Brna (Austerlitz), Moravia”,”Graduated in medicine from Masaryk University, Brno, in 1930 and joined the Brno orthopaedic clinic in 1932″,”Founded an orthopaedic department in Olomouc in 1939, the second in Moravia”,”Helped found the Orthopaedic Clinic of Palacký University, Olomouc, and became extraordinary professor in 1948″],”facts”:[“He trained as a saddler in his father’s workshop, which he credited for his practical skill”,”He designed an intramedullary nail to fix shortening osteotomies of the proximal femur”,”He died in February 1962 before he could submit his autobiography for the doctorate of medical sciences”,”The harness has changed little in design since he introduced it”],”pearl”:”Confirm reduction with ultrasound within the first weeks and abandon the harness if the hip has not reduced, to avoid Pavlik harness disease. Excess flexion risks femoral nerve palsy, and forced abduction risks avascular necrosis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Bialik V. Arnold Pavlik (1902-62). An autobiography. J Med Biogr. 2006;14(1):3-7.”},{“t”:”Mubarak S, Garfin S, Vance R, McKinnon B, Sutherland D. Pitfalls in the use of the Pavlik harness for treatment of congenital dysplasia, subluxation, and dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63(8):1239-48.”,”u”:”https://oandplibrary.org/op/1982_04_013.asp”},{“t”:”Slavkovák. Světově uznávaný ortoped se narodil ve Slavkově u Brna.”,”u”:”https://www.slavkovak.cz/clanky/svetove-uznavany-ortoped-se-narodil-ve-slavkove-u-brna/”},{“t”:”History of Physiotherapy. Pavlik harness.”,”u”:”https://history.physio/pavlik-harness/”}],”p”:[“Pavlik”],”req”:””},”darrach”:{“n”:”William Darrach”,”d”:”1876 to 1948″,”r”:”American surgeon, New York”,”sub”:”Darrach procedure, 1912 and 1913″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Darrach popularised subperiosteal excision of the distal ulna for a painful or deformed distal radioulnar joint. He first performed it in New York in 1911 and reported it in 1912 and 1913, for anterior dislocation of the ulnar head and for deformity after Colles fracture.”,”He was not the first. Distal ulnar resection had been described by Severinus in 1644 and later by Rognetta, Dupuytren, Malgaigne and Moore in 1880. Darrach’s reports and standing attached his name to it.”],”pub”:[“Darrach W. Anterior dislocation of the head of the ulna. Ann Surg. 1912;56:802-3.”,”Darrach W. Partial excision of lower shaft of ulna for deformity following Colles’s fracture. Ann Surg. 1913;57:764-5. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(275):3-4.”],”work”:[“Born in Germantown, Philadelphia”,”AB from Yale in 1897 and MD from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1901″,”Surgeon in New York and Dean of the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1919 to 1930″,”President of the American Surgical Association and of the Association of American Medical Colleges, and a Regent of the American College of Surgeons”],”facts”:[“He published at least 70 papers, most of them on the treatment of fractures”,”He served in the First World War and wrote on war fractures again during the Second World War”,”His 1946 American Surgical Association presidential address was on the treatment of fractures”,”He also wrote on tumours of the hand, internal derangement of the knee and femoral neck fractures”],”pearl”:”The main problems after a Darrach resection are instability of the ulnar stump and radioulnar convergence. It suits low demand and rheumatoid wrists best.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Lau FH, Chung KC. William Darrach, MD. His life and his contribution to hand surgery. J Hand Surg Am. 2006;31(7):1056-60.”},{“t”:”Columbia University Irving Medical Center Archives. Deans of the health sciences schools.”,”u”:”https://www.library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu/deans-health-sciences-schools”},{“t”:”Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics. Darrach’s procedure.”,”u”:”https://www.wheelessonline.com/bones/radius-ulna/darrachs-procedure/”},{“t”:”Musculoskeletal Key. Resection arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint.”,”u”:”https://musculoskeletalkey.com/resection-arthroplasty-of-the-distal-radioulnar-joint/”}],”p”:[“Darrach”],”req”:””},”sauvekapandji”:{“n”:”Louis Sauvé and Mehmed Kapandji”,”d”:””,”r”:”Surgeons, France”,”sub”:”Sauvé-Kapandji procedure, 1936″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Sauvé and Kapandji fused the distal radioulnar joint and created a deliberate pseudarthrosis in the ulna just proximal to it. Forearm rotation then occurs through the gap, and the ulnar head stays in place to support the carpus.”,”Their 1936 paper described it for recurrent isolated dislocation of the distal ulna. It was a response to the drawbacks of complete distal ulnar resection, which removes the ulnar buttress.”,”Similar operations were reported by James Berry in 1930 and Arthur Steindler in 1932, so the priority of the eponym has been disputed.”],”pub”:[“Sauvé L, Kapandji M. Nouvelle technique de traitement chirurgical des luxations récidivantes isolées de l’extrémité inférieure du cubitus. J Chir (Paris). 1936;47:589-94.”],”work”:[“Louis de Gonzague Sauvé and Mehmed Kapandji published their technique jointly in the Journal de Chirurgie in 1936″,”Mehmed Kapandji’s son, the Paris anatomist Adalbert Ibrahim Kapandji (1928 to 2019), revived the operation in 1986 for non-rheumatoid disorders”,”He narrowed the ulnar resection to about 7 to 20 mm, after the wider 3 cm gap of the early technique caused stump instability”,”His 1986 paper gave one technique for chronic radioulnar instability and a second for post-Colles shortening with positive ulnar variance”],”facts”:[“The reversed name Kapandji-Sauvé operation appears in French literature”,”Many later modifications, several from Japan, stabilise the proximal ulnar stump with tendon or muscle transfers”,”The operation is used most in the rheumatoid wrist, where the retained ulnar head helps prevent ulnar translocation of the carpus”,”Kapandji filled the ulnar gap with pronator quadratus to stop the bone ends reuniting”],”pearl”:”The retained ulnar head keeps bony support for the ulnar carpus, so it is favoured over a Darrach when ulnar translocation is a risk or demand is high. Instability of the proximal ulnar stump is the main complication.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Sebastin SJ, Larson BP, Chung KC. History and evolution of the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(9):1895-902.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.05.009″},{“t”:”Park IJ, Roh YT. Original and modified Sauvé-Kapandji procedures. A two-axis framework for surgical decision-making. A narrative review. J Clin Med. 2026;15(16):6368.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15166368″},{“t”:”Kapandji IA. The Kapandji-Sauvé operation. Its techniques and indications in non rheumatoid diseases. Ann Chir Main. 1986;5(3):181-93.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1016/s0753-9053(86)80057-6″},{“t”:”Wikipédia. Adalbert Ibrahim Kapandji.”,”u”:”https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_Ibrahim_Kapandji”}],”p”:[“Sauv(?:é|e)-Kapandji”],”req”:””},”herbert”:{“n”:”Timothy Herbert”,”d”:”1941 to 2026″,”r”:”English hand surgeon, Sydney”,”sub”:”Herbert screw, 1978, and Herbert classification, 1984″,”wiki”:”Timothy Herbert”,”why”:[“Herbert designed a headless bone screw with threads of different pitch at each end. As it advances, the leading thread gains more ground than the trailing thread, so the fragments are drawn together, and the screw sits below the joint surface.”,”It became available in 1978. With William Fisher he reported 158 scaphoid operations from 1977 to 1981, with union in all acute fractures and 83 per cent of all cases, and most patients needed no cast.”,”The same 1984 paper proposed his classification of scaphoid fractures into stable acute (A), unstable acute (B), delayed union (C) and established non-union (D).”],”pub”:[“Herbert TJ, Fisher WE. Management of the fractured scaphoid using a new bone screw. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1984;66(1):114-23.”],”work”:[“Born in Sheffield on 11 July 1941″,”Trained at St Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School and in orthopaedics at St George’s Hospital, London, under Alan Apley”,”Surgical specialist in the Royal Navy from 1966 to 1970″,”Joined the hand surgery unit at St Luke’s Hospital, Sydney, in 1975, and was founding chair of its hand surgery department from 1990 to 1996″,”President of the Hand Surgery Society of New South Wales, and retired in 1996 at 55″],”facts”:[“He was one of the first to design a headless compression screw, and many current screws follow the same principle”,”Headless screws based on his design are now used for capitellum and radial head fractures as well as the scaphoid”,”He wrote the monograph The Fractured Scaphoid, published in 1990″,”He also described small joint fusions of the hand with the Herbert screw in 1984″],”pearl”:”Proximal pole fractures are prone to avascular necrosis because the scaphoid blood supply enters distally and flows backwards. Displaced and proximal pole fractures are usually fixed with a headless compression screw along the central axis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Timothy Herbert.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Herbert”},{“t”:”Becker’s Spine Review. Dr Timothy Herbert, inventor of the Herbert screw, dies at 85.”,”u”:”https://www.beckersspine.com/orthopedic/timothy-herbert-inventor-of-the-herbert-screw-dies-at-85/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Herbert screw.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_screw”}],”p”:[“Herbert(?:[’’]s)? (?:[Ss]crew|[Cc]lassification|type)”,”Herberts [Ss]crew”],”req”:””},”chiari”:{“n”:”Karl Chiari”,”d”:”1912 to 1982″,”r”:”Austrian orthopaedic surgeon, Vienna”,”sub”:”Chiari pelvic osteotomy, 1953″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Chiari cut the ilium just above the acetabulum and displaced the acetabulum and femoral head medially beneath the upper fragment. The ilium then roofs the femoral head, with the joint capsule lying between bone and head.”,”He published the operation in 1953 as a pelvic osteotomy to build up the acetabular roof in hip dysplasia, and reported it in English in 1974 as a medial displacement osteotomy of the pelvis.”],”pub”:[“Chiari K. Beckenosteotomie als Pfannendachplastik. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1953;103(38):707-9.”,”Chiari K. Medial displacement osteotomy of the pelvis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(98):55-71.”],”work”:[“Born on 6 June 1912 into an old Austrian medical family”,”Studied and graduated in medicine in Vienna, working in the tradition of the Adolf Lorenz school of hip dysplasia”,”Head of the University Orthopaedic Clinic in Vienna from 1962 until his death, its first head as a separate department”,”President of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Traumatology in 1960 and a member of the International Hip Society”],”facts”:[“Hans Chiari, of the Chiari malformation and Budd-Chiari syndrome, was his great-uncle”,”He later used the osteotomy for early osteoarthritis in dysplastic hips, sometimes combined with femoral osteotomy”,”The 1974 Clinical Orthopaedics issue that carried his English paper also carried Pemberton’s pericapsular osteotomy”,”The Medical University of Vienna named its Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology after him”],”pearl”:”The Chiari is a salvage osteotomy for an incongruent hip that cannot be covered by a reorienting osteotomy. Coverage depends on the interposed capsule changing into fibrocartilage.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Who Named It. Karl Chiari.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/3537.html”},{“t”:”Meznik F. Karl Chiari. Int Orthop. 1982;6:139.”},{“t”:”Medical University of Vienna. Who was Karl Chiari.”,”u”:”https://orthopaedie-unfallchirurgie.meduniwien.ac.at/forschung/karl-chiari-lab-for-orthopaedic-biology/who-was-karl-chiari”}],”p”:[“Chiari (?:osteotomy|pelvic|[Ss]alvage|or posterior)”],”req”:””},”ganz”:{“n”:”Reinhold Ganz”,”d”:”born 1939″,”r”:”German orthopaedic surgeon, Bern”,”sub”:”Bernese periacetabular osteotomy, 1988, and surgical hip dislocation, 2001″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Ganz and colleagues in Bern began a periacetabular osteotomy for residual hip dysplasia in 1984 and published it in 1988. Through a Smith-Petersen approach the acetabulum is freed by a series of cuts and reoriented, while the posterior column stays intact.”,”In 2001 he described surgical dislocation of the hip through a trochanteric flip osteotomy. The external rotators are left intact, so obturator externus protects the medial femoral circumflex artery, and none of 213 hips developed avascular necrosis.”,”Seeing the hip dislocated led him to describe femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of osteoarthritis in 2003. The osteotomy is called Bernese after the city where it was devised.”],”pub”:[“Ganz R, Klaue K, Vinh TS, Mast JW. A new periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasias. Technique and preliminary results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;(232):26-36.”,”Ganz R, Gill TJ, Gautier E, Ganz K, Krügel N, Berlemann U. Surgical dislocation of the adult hip. A technique with full access to the femoral head and acetabulum without the risk of avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(8):1119-24.”],”work”:[“Born on 20 August 1939 in Karlsruhe, Germany”,”Studied medicine in Kiel and Innsbruck and graduated MD from Freiburg in 1964″,”Worked in pathology in Basel from 1966 and in biomechanics with Stephan Perren in Davos”,”Trained in orthopaedics in Bern from 1970 under Maurice E. Müller, and became full professor in 1981″,”Retired from Bern in 2004, then spent three years as a hip consultant at Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich”],”facts”:[“He received the King Faisal Prize for Medicine in 2010 for joint preserving surgery of the hip”,”His 2003 paper with Parvizi, Beck, Leunig, Nötzli and Siebenrock set out the cam and pincer concept of femoroacetabular impingement”,”By 1980 his work had moved to preserving the natural hip joint”,”He co-wrote a 2020 history of femoroacetabular impingement tracing the idea back to Henle in 1855″],”pearl”:”The Bernese osteotomy keeps the posterior column intact and does not change the shape of the true pelvis, so fixation is stable and vaginal delivery is still possible. It needs a closed triradiate cartilage.”,”src”:[{“t”:”King Faisal Prize. Professor Reinhold Ganz.”,”u”:”https://kingfaisalprize.org/professor-reinhold-ganz/”},{“t”:”University of Washington Orthopaedics. 2014 LeCocq Lecture programme.”,”u”:”https://orthop.washington.edu/sites/default/files/2014%20LeCocq%20Program.pdf”},{“t”:”Ganz R, Parvizi J, Beck M, Leunig M, Nötzli H, Siebenrock KA. Femoroacetabular impingement. A cause for osteoarthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;(417):112-20.”},{“t”:”Matsumoto K, Ganz R, Khanduja V. The history of femoroacetabular impingement. Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(9):572-7.”,”u”:”https://sonar.ch/global/documents/208″}],”p”:[“Ganz”,”Bernese”],”req”:””},”pemberton”:{“n”:”Paul A. Pemberton”,”d”:””,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon”,”sub”:”Pemberton acetabuloplasty, 1965″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Pemberton described a pericapsular osteotomy of the ilium for congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip. The cut curves around the capsule from just above the anterior inferior iliac spine back towards the triradiate cartilage, without breaching the posterior column.”,”The acetabular roof is then levered down and held with a bone wedge, hinging on the triradiate cartilage. This reshapes and reduces the volume of the acetabulum.”],”pub”:[“Pemberton PA. Pericapsular osteotomy of the ilium for treatment of congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1965;47:65-86.”,”Pemberton PA. Pericapsular osteotomy of the ilium for the treatment of congenitally dislocated hips. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(98):41-54.”],”work”:[“Published the pericapsular osteotomy in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery in 1965″,”Reported his technique again in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research in 1974″],”facts”:[“The 1974 Clinical Orthopaedics issue placed his paper directly before Karl Chiari’s medial displacement osteotomy”,”The operation is called an acetabuloplasty because it changes the shape of the acetabulum, unlike the Salter osteotomy, which redirects it”,”It is used in children aged about 2 to 12, while the triradiate cartilage is still open”,”Compared with the Salter, it gives more anterior coverage, which can lead to anterior impingement later”,”The Pembersal combines features of the Pemberton and Salter osteotomies”],”pearl”:”The Pemberton needs an open triradiate cartilage because the osteotomy hinges on it. It reduces acetabular volume, so the femoral head must first be concentrically reduced.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Pemberton PA. Pericapsular osteotomy of the ilium for treatment of congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1965;47:65-86.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14256975/”},{“t”:”Pemberton PA. Pericapsular osteotomy of the ilium for the treatment of congenitally dislocated hips. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(98):41-54.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-197401000-00007″},{“t”:”Bellova P, Blum S, Hartmann A, Thielemann F, Günther KP, Goronzy J. MRI-based assessment of acetabular version and coverage after previous Pemberton osteotomy in skeletally mature patients. J Child Orthop. 2021;15(3):223-31.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.15.210010″},{“t”:”Wang CW, Wu KW, Wang TM, Huang SC, Kuo KN. Comparison of acetabular anterior coverage after Salter osteotomy and Pemberton acetabuloplasty. A long-term followup. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(3):1001-9.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-3319-6″},{“t”:”Bursali A, Tonbul M. How are outcomes affected by combining the Pemberton and Salter osteotomies? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(4):837-46.”,”u”:”https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-008-0153-3″}],”p”:[“Pemberton”],”req”:””},”bunnell”:{“n”:”Sterling Bunnell”,”d”:”1882 to 1957″,”r”:”American surgeon, San Francisco”,”sub”:”Bunnell suture, 1918, and founder of American hand surgery”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Bunnell described a criss-cross tendon suture and tendon instruments in his first scientific paper, on repair of finger tendons, in 1918. He insisted on atraumatic handling of tissue and wrote on it in 1921.”,”His textbook Surgery of the Hand, published in 1944, was the standard hand surgery text for almost 30 years. In the Second World War he organised the nine United States Army hand centres, whose surgeons founded the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.”,”Russian texts credit a similar tendon suture to Bernard Cuneo of Paris, although the two techniques differ in detail.”],”pub”:[“Bunnell S. Repair of tendons in the fingers and description of two new instruments. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1918;26:103-10.”,”Bunnell S. Surgery of the hand. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1944.”],”work”:[“Born in San Francisco in 1882″,”Graduated from the University of California in 1904 and in medicine in 1908″,”General surgeon in San Francisco with a growing interest in the hand”,”Civilian consultant to the Secretary of War and hand consultant at Letterman General Hospital in the Second World War”,”First President of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, founded in Chicago in January 1946″],”facts”:[“Most of the 35 founding members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand had worked in his Army hand centres”,”In 1921 he wrote practical advice on using the Thomas splint”,”Joseph Boyes, his partner, edited later editions of Surgery of the Hand and started the first formal hand surgery residency”,”The Society’s Sterling Bunnell Traveling Fellowship is named after him”],”pearl”:”Bunnell called zone 2 of the flexor tendons no man’s land because results of repair there were so poor. Modern zone 2 repairs use a multistrand core suture and early active motion.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Newmeyer WL. Sterling Bunnell, MD. The founding father. J Hand Surg Am. 2003;28(1):161-4.”},{“t”:”Green SA. Giants in orthopaedic surgery. Sterling Bunnell MD. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(12):3750-4.”},{“t”:”Healio Orthopedics Today. Bunnell fostered the development of hand surgery.”,”u”:”https://cm.healio.com/news/orthopedics/20120325/bunnell-fostered-the-development-of-hand-surgery”},{“t”:”Nakonechny DG, Kiseleva AN, Cambon-Binder A. Cuneo tendinous suture. The story of one publication. Traumatol Orthop Russ. 2018;24(4):148-54.”,”u”:”https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1108/en_US”}],”p”:[“Bunnell”],”req”:””},”lister”:{“n”:”Joseph Lister”,”d”:”1827 to 1912″,”r”:”English surgeon, Glasgow, Edinburgh and London”,”sub”:”Lister tubercle, and antisepsis, 1867″,”wiki”:”Joseph Lister”,”why”:[“Lister tubercle, the dorsal tubercle of the distal radius, is named in his honour. There is no evidence that Lister described it, and the eponym reflects his fame.”,”His real contribution was antisepsis. Building on Pasteur’s work on putrefaction, he dressed a compound leg fracture with carbolic acid in August 1865 and published his method for compound fracture and abscess in The Lancet in 1867.”],”pub”:[“Lister J. On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess, etc., with observations on the conditions of suppuration. Lancet. 1867;89(2272):326-9.”,”Lister J. On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery. Br Med J. 1867;2(351):246-8.”],”work”:[“Born on 5 April 1827 at Upton House, West Ham, into a Quaker family”,”Graduated BA in 1847 and Bachelor of Medicine in 1852 from University College London”,”Assistant to James Syme in Edinburgh from 1853 and Regius Professor of Surgery in Glasgow from 1860 to 1869″,”Professor of clinical surgery in Edinburgh from 1869 and at King’s College Hospital, London, from 1877″,”President of the Royal Society from 1895 to 1900″],”facts”:[“His first antiseptic success was James Greenlees, aged 11, whose leg was run over by a cart”,”In October 1877 he wired a fractured patella at open operation in front of 200 students”,”Made a baronet in 1883, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis in 1897 and an original member of the Order of Merit in 1902″,”Listerine (1879) and the bacterial genus Listeria are named after him”],”pearl”:”Extensor pollicis longus turns around Lister tubercle. It can rupture weeks after an undisplaced distal radius fracture, and long dorsal screws from a volar plate can wear through it.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Joseph Lister.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Lister’s tubercle.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle”},{“t”:”Encyclopaedia Britannica. Joseph Lister.”,”u”:”https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-Regis”},{“t”:”Bonnin JG, LeFanu WR. Joseph Lister 1827-1912. A bibliographical biography. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49(1):4-23.”}],”p”:[“Lister(?:[’’]s)? tubercle”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-lister.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”gerdy”:{“n”:”Pierre Nicolas Gerdy”,”d”:”1797 to 1856″,”r”:”French surgeon and anatomist, Paris”,”sub”:”Gerdy tubercle”,”wiki”:”Pierre Nicolas Gerdy”,”why”:[“Gerdy tubercle is the anterolateral tubercle of the proximal tibia, where the iliotibial band inserts. It is the only one of his many anatomical eponyms still in common use.”,”Gerdy wrote several books on surface anatomy, including books for painters, sculptors and surgeons. The exact text in which he described the tubercle is not clearly recorded.”],”pub”:[“Gerdy PN. Anatomie des formes extérieures du corps humain, appliquée à la peinture, à la sculpture et à la chirurgie. Paris; 1829.”],”work”:[“Born on 1 May 1797 at Loches-sur-Ource, Aube”,”Assistant naturalist at the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, then intern at the Pitié-Salpêtrière”,”Professor of internal pathology in Paris from 1833 and member of the Académie de médecine from 1834″,”Head of the surgical service at La Charité from 1838″,”Deputy for the Aube in the National Assembly from 1848 to 1849″],”facts”:[“He worked alongside Lisfranc, Velpeau and Dupuytren”,”Paul Broca was his assistant in the 1840s”,”Other eponyms include Gerdy fibres (superficial transverse metacarpal ligament) and Gerdy ligament (suspensory ligament of the axilla)”,”He wrote a treatise on bandages in 1826″],”pearl”:”Gerdy tubercle is the landmark for the anterolateral approach to the tibial plateau and for lateral extra-articular tenodesis. It can fracture together with the tibial tuberosity.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Beals TC. So who was Gerdy… and how did he get his own tubercle? Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1996;25(11):750-2.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Pierre Nicolas Gerdy.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nicolas_Gerdy”},{“t”:”Wikipédia. Pierre Nicolas Gerdy.”,”u”:”https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nicolas_Gerdy”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Gerdy’s tubercle.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerdy%27s_tubercle”}],”p”:[“Gerdy”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-gerdy.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”struthers”:{“n”:”Sir John Struthers”,”d”:”1823 to 1899″,”r”:”Scottish anatomist and surgeon, Edinburgh and Aberdeen”,”sub”:”Ligament of Struthers, 1848 and 1854, and arcade of Struthers”,”wiki”:”John Struthers (anatomist)”,”why”:[“Struthers described a band running from a supracondylar process on the distal humerus to the medial epicondyle, with the median nerve and brachial artery passing beneath it. He showed it could run in families and linked it to the supracondylar foramen of other mammals.”,”In 1854 he also described the internal brachial ligament and the distal medial intermuscular septum in relation to the ulnar nerve.”,”The arcade of Struthers was named by Kane, Kaplan and Spinner in 1973, long after his death. Its existence is disputed, and some anatomists regard it as the internal brachial ligament under another name.”],”pub”:[“Struthers J. On a peculiarity of the humerus and humeral artery. Mon J Med Sci. 1848. Reprinted in J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2007;32(1):54-6.”,”Struthers J. On some points in the abnormal anatomy of the arm. Br Foreign Med Chir Rev. 1854;13(26):523-33.”],”work”:[“Born on 21 February 1823 at Brucefield, near Dunfermline”,”MD from Edinburgh and FRCSEd in 1845, then taught anatomy in the Edinburgh extramural school from 1847″,”First Regius Professor of Anatomy at Aberdeen from 1863, for 26 years”,”Member of the General Medical Council from 1883 to 1891 and President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from 1895 to 1897″,”Knighted by Queen Victoria in 1898″],”facts”:[“Darwin cited his supracondylar work in The Descent of Man (1871) as evidence of common descent”,”He dissected the Tay Whale, a humpback that entered the Firth of Tay in 1883, and published a monograph on it in 1889″,”In 1885 a court interdict stopped him removing a crocodile skeleton from a medical society”,”He was an early advocate of clinical teaching in the medical curriculum”],”pearl”:”A supracondylar process on the lateral radiograph points to a ligament of Struthers as a cause of high median nerve compression. During anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve, release the medial intermuscular septum and any arcade proximally to avoid a new kink.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Loukas M, Pennell C, Tubbs RS, Cohen-Gadol AA. Sir John Struthers (1823-1899) and his ligament and arcade. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(6):1170-3.”},{“t”:”Wehrli L, Oberlin C. The internal brachial ligament versus the arcade of Struthers. An anatomical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(2):471-7.”},{“t”:”Bartels RH, Grotenhuis JA, Kauer JM. The arcade of Struthers. An anatomical study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145(4):295-300.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. John Struthers (anatomist).”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Struthers_(anatomist)”}],”p”:[“Struthers”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-struthers.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”frohse”:{“n”:”Fritz Frohse”,”d”:”1871 to 1916″,”r”:”German anatomist”,”sub”:”Arcade of Frohse, 1908″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“The arcade of Frohse is the fibrous upper edge of the superficial layer of supinator, under which the deep branch of the radial nerve enters the muscle. Frohse described the arm muscles with M. Fränkel in a standard German anatomy handbook in 1908.”,”The eponym gained clinical weight in 1968, when Spinner linked the arcade to posterior interosseous nerve palsy. It is also called the supinator arch.”],”pub”:[“Frohse F, Fränkel M. Die Muskeln des menschlichen Armes. In: von Bardeleben K, editor. Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen. Band 2, Abteilung 2, Teil 2. Jena: Fischer; 1908. p. 164-5.”],”work”:[“German anatomist of the early twentieth century”,”Co-wrote the volume on the muscles of the human arm in the Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, published in Jena in 1908″,”Anatomical wall charts under the Frohse name were still being sold in the first half of the twentieth century”],”facts”:[“Spinner’s 1968 paper in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery brought the arcade into surgical practice”,”Fuss wrote a 1996 letter on the origin of the eponym”,”A meta-analysis found a tendinous arcade in about two thirds of adults and in no fetuses, suggesting it forms after birth”],”pearl”:”The arcade of Frohse is the commonest site of posterior interosseous nerve compression. PIN palsy causes finger and thumb drop with radial deviation on wrist extension and no sensory loss.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Fuss FK. The eponym of the supinator arch. Surg Radiol Anat. 1996;18(2):158.”,”u”:”https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01795243″},{“t”:”Spinner M. The arcade of Frohse and its relationship to posterior interosseous nerve paralysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1968;50(4):809-12.”},{“t”:”Benes M, Kachlik D, Kunc V, Kunc V. The arcade of Frohse. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Radiol Anat. 2021;43(5):703-11.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Arcade of Frohse.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_of_Frohse”}],”p”:[“Frohse”],”req”:””},”guyon”:{“n”:”Félix Guyon”,”d”:”1831 to 1920″,”r”:”French surgeon and urologist, Paris”,”sub”:”Guyon canal, 1861″,”wiki”:”Jean Casimir Félix Guyon”,”why”:[“In 1861 Guyon described a space at the front of the wrist on the ulnar side, through which the ulnar nerve and artery pass into the hand. He suggested that the nerve could be compressed there, an idea others developed much later.”,”He was mainly a urologist, and the canal is his only eponym in common orthopaedic use.”],”pub”:[“Guyon F. Note sur une disposition anatomique propre à la face antérieure de la région du poignet et non encore décrite. Bull Soc Anat Paris. 1861;6:184-6.”],”work”:[“Born on 21 July 1831 in Saint-Denis, Île Bourbon, now Réunion”,”Studied medicine in Paris and received his doctorate in 1858″,”Professor of surgical pathology in Paris from 1877 and of genitourinary surgery from 1890, teaching at Hôpital Necker”,”Member of the Académie de médecine from 1878″,”Helped found the Association Internationale d’Urologie in 1907″],”facts”:[“Guyon sign is ballottement of the kidney”,”The Hôpital Félix Guyon in Saint-Denis, Réunion, is named after him”,”France issued a postage stamp in his honour in 1979″,”He was made Commander of the Légion d’honneur in 1906″],”pearl”:”Ulnar nerve compression in Guyon canal causes motor, sensory or mixed loss depending on the zone involved, with dorsal ulnar hand sensation spared. Ganglion and hook of hamate fracture are common causes.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Leversedge FJ, Goldfarb CA, Boyer MI. The distal ulnar tunnel. J Wrist Surg. 2012;1(2):185-6.”,”u”:”https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0032-1312048.pdf”},{“t”:”Loukas M, Linganna S, Jordan R. Jean Casimir Félix Guyon. Urologist and anatomist. Clin Anat. 2007;20(1):1-2.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Jean Casimir Félix Guyon.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir_F%C3%A9lix_Guyon”}],”p”:[“Guyon”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-guyon.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”haversian”:{“n”:”Clopton Havers”,”d”:”1657 to 1702″,”r”:”English physician and anatomist, London”,”sub”:”Haversian canals and Haversian system, 1691″,”wiki”:”Clopton Havers”,”why”:[“Havers gave the first account of the microscopic structure of bone in Osteologia Nova, published in London in 1691 from five discourses read to the Royal Society.”,”He described the longitudinal canals that run through compact bone, now called Haversian canals. With the concentric lamellae around them they form the Haversian system, or osteon.”,”The book also covered the periosteum, marrow and cartilage, and described mucilaginous glands within joints, which he linked to rheumatism and gout.”],”pub”:[“Havers C. Osteologia nova, or some new observations of the bones. London: Samuel Smith; 1691.”],”work”:[“Born in Stambourne, Essex, son of the rector Henry Havers”,”Studied medicine under Richard Morton and attended St Catharine’s College, Cambridge, without graduating”,”Extra-licentiate of the College of Physicians of London in 1684 and MD from Utrecht in 1685, with a thesis on respiration”,”Elected Fellow of the Royal Society in December 1686″,”Practised medicine in London with a particular interest in osteology, and died at Willingale, Essex, in 1702″],”facts”:[“He was probably the first to describe the perforating fibres later named after William Sharpey”,”In 1694 he gave the first Gale anatomy lecture, later merged into the Arris and Gale Lecture”,”In 1700 he reported to the Royal Society on a Chinese practice of smallpox inoculation by inhaling dried pustule material”,”Osteologia Nova ran to several editions published in Frankfurt and Amsterdam”],”pearl”:”Cortical bone is built from osteons, each a central Haversian canal ringed by concentric lamellae. Volkmann canals run across the bone and link neighbouring Haversian canals.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Clopton Havers.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clopton_Havers”},{“t”:”Wellcome Collection. Osteologia nova, or Some new observations of the bones.”,”u”:”https://wellcomecollection.org/works/eh8by555″}],”p”:[“Haversian”],”req”:””},”sharpey”:{“n”:”William Sharpey”,”d”:”1802 to 1880″,”r”:”Scottish anatomist and physiologist, London”,”sub”:”Sharpey fibres, 1848″,”wiki”:”William Sharpey”,”why”:[“Sharpey described bundles of collagen fibres that pass from the periosteum into the outer lamellae of bone. They anchor periosteum, tendon and ligament to the bone surface.”,”His account appeared in his chapter on bone in the fifth edition of Quain’s Elements of Anatomy, which he edited. The discovery is often dated to 1846, and the printed edition to 1848.”,”Domenico Gagliardi had described similar fibres in 1689, and Clopton Havers probably saw them too. They are also called perforating fibres.”],”pub”:[“Sharpey W. Bone or osseous tissue. In: Quain J. Elements of anatomy. 5th ed. London; 1848. p. cxxxii-clxiii.”],”work”:[“Born in Arbroath, Scotland, and studied medicine at Edinburgh, graduating in 1821 and taking his MD in 1823″,”Studied further in London, Paris, Padua, Berlin, Heidelberg and Vienna”,”Taught systematic anatomy with Allen Thomson at the Edinburgh extramural school from 1831″,”Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at University College London from 1836 for 38 years, succeeding Jones Quain”,”Fellow of the Royal Society in 1839 and its Secretary from 1853 until about 1871″],”facts”:[“He is known as the father of British physiology. His pupils included Michael Foster and John Burdon Sanderson”,”He edited the fifth to eighth editions of Quain’s Elements of Anatomy”,”He was a friend and correspondent of Charles Darwin”,”In the jaw, Sharpey fibres are the ends of the periodontal ligament fibres embedded in cementum and alveolar bone”],”pearl”:”Sharpey fibres anchor tendon and ligament to bone. Healing of a rotator cuff repair or an ACL graft in its tunnel depends on new Sharpey-like fibres forming at the tendon to bone interface.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. William Sharpey.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sharpey”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Sharpey’s fibres.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpey%27s_fibres”},{“t”:”HistoryofMedicine.com. Sharpey W. Bone or osseous tissue.”,”u”:”https://www.historyofmedicine.com/id/186″}],”p”:[“Sharpey”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-sharpey.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”howship”:{“n”:”John Howship”,”d”:”1781 to 1841″,”r”:”English surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Howship lacunae”,”wiki”:”John Howship”,”why”:[“Howship lacunae are shallow pits on a bone surface where osteoclasts sit and resorb matrix. Their presence marks active bone resorption.”,”From 1815 to 1819 Howship published microscopic studies of bone formation, structure, disease and fracture union in the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. He described the depressions left in bone by resorption, and the pits were later named after him.”],”pub”:[“Howship J. Experiments and observations in order to ascertain the means employed by the animal economy in the formation of bone. Med Chir Trans. 1815;6:263.”,”Howship J. Observations upon the morbid appearances and structure of bones, being the sequel of a former paper. Med Chir Trans. 1819;10(Pt 1):176-211.”],”work”:[“Born in London in 1781 and entered medical training in 1799, apprenticed to the surgeon John Heaviside”,”Assistant Surgeon at St George’s Infirmary from 1805 and lecturer at the St George’s Hospital school”,”Elected to the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1828 and gave the Hunterian Oration in 1833″,”Moved to Charing Cross Hospital in 1834 and became its chief surgeon in 1836″],”facts”:[“The Howship-Romberg sign is medial thigh pain from an obturator hernia pressing on the obturator nerve. Howship described a fatal case in 1840″,”His 1816 case of an infant whose parietal fracture enlarged over time is the first account of a growing skull fracture”,”He worked with Robert Hooper on anatomical illustrations and helped Heaviside with his museum”,”He died in 1841 from haemorrhage from an abscess caused by long-standing disease of the tibia”],”pearl”:”Osteoclasts sit in Howship lacunae and resorb bone through a ruffled border sealed to the surface. Bisphosphonates and denosumab both work by reducing osteoclast resorption.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. John Howship.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/john-howship/”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. John Howship.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1506.html”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. John Howship.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howship”}],”p”:[“Howship”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-howship.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”wolff”:{“n”:”Julius Wolff”,”d”:”1836 to 1902″,”r”:”German surgeon, Berlin”,”sub”:”Wolff law, 1892″,”wiki”:”Julius Wolff (surgeon)”,”why”:[“Wolff held that bone adapts its outer shape and inner trabecular architecture to the loads placed on it. Bone that is loaded more becomes stronger, and bone that is unloaded becomes weaker.”,”He set out the idea in an 1870 paper on the internal architecture of bone in Virchows Archiv, and in full in Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen, published in Berlin in 1892.”,”He built on descriptions of trabecular patterns by the anatomist von Meyer and the engineer Karl Culmann, and saw his work as an extension of Darwin’s theory of evolution.”],”pub”:[“Wolff J. Über die innere Architectur der Knochen und ihre Bedeutung für die Frage vom Knochenwachsthum. Virchows Arch. 1870;50.”,”Wolff J. Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen. Berlin: August Hirschwald; 1892. English translation, The law of bone remodelling. Berlin: Springer; 1986.”],”work”:[“Born in Märkisch Friedland, West Prussia, now Mirosławiec in Poland”,”Studied medicine in Berlin and wrote his doctoral thesis on artificial bone formation under Bernhard von Langenbeck in 1860″,”Military surgeon in the campaigns of 1864, 1866 and 1870 to 1871″,”Habilitated in surgery in 1868, founded a private surgical clinic in 1882 and became associate professor in 1884″,”Opened an orthopaedic polyclinic in 1890, which became the Royal University Polyclinic for Orthopaedic Surgery at the Charité in 1901″],”facts”:[“He co-founded the German Society for Orthopaedic Surgery in 1901″,”He also published on bone growth, fracture healing and clubfoot”,”Harold Frost’s mechanostat theory later refined Wolff law”,”Davis law is the soft tissue counterpart, describing soft tissue remodelling under load”],”pearl”:”Stress shielding around a stiff femoral stem is Wolff law in action. Proximal femoral bone is lost where the implant takes the load away from it.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Julius Wolff (surgeon).”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wolff_(surgeon)”},{“t”:”Deutsche Biographie. Wolff, Julius.”,”u”:”https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz38848.html”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Wolff’s law.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%27s_law”}],”p”:[“Wolff(?:[’’]s)? law”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-wolff.jpg”,”cr”:”Wikimedia Commons, Licence Ouverte”},”shenton”:{“n”:”Edward Warren Hine Shenton”,”d”:”1872 to 1955″,”r”:”English radiologist, London”,”sub”:”Shenton line, 1902″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Shenton described a smooth arc formed by the upper margin of the obturator foramen and the inner border of the femoral neck. A break in the arc suggests displacement of the femoral head or neck.”,”He presented it as a diagnostic line about the hip joint in 1902, seven years after Röntgen discovered X-rays, while working as radiographer at Guy’s Hospital.”,”Victor Ménard, a French orthopaedic surgeon, described the same arc independently, so it is also called the Shenton-Ménard line.”],”pub”:[“Shenton EWH. A diagnostic line about the hip joint. Journal of Physical Therapeutics. 1902;3:110-2.”],”work”:[“Began medical studies at Guy’s Hospital in 1893 and helped develop its new X-ray service as a student”,”Appointed radiographer to Guy’s in 1899 and qualified MRCS LRCP in 1901″,”Radiologist to the RAF Central Hospital in the First World War, awarded the Red Cross gold medal”,”Left Guy’s in 1919 for consultant practice in Harley Street”,”Honorary radiologist to St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Rochester, from 1933 until he retired in 1950″],”facts”:[“He warned early that prolonged X-ray exposure could cause radiation dermatitis and argued for shorter exposures”,”He noted that an intact line does not exclude an undisplaced fracture”,”A keen musician, he composed children’s songs, made violins and wrote a revue staged at Golders Green for St Dunstan’s”,”Some later sources give his middle name as William, but his BMJ obituary and official records give Warren”],”pearl”:”A broken Shenton line suggests a displaced femoral neck fracture or a subluxed hip in dysplasia. An intact line does not rule out an undisplaced fracture.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Edward Shenton.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/edward-shenton/”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Edward Warren Hine Shenton.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2148.html”}],”p”:[“Shenton”],”req”:””},”hilgenreiner”:{“n”:”Heinrich Hilgenreiner”,”d”:”1870 to 1953″,”r”:”Bohemian German surgeon, Prague”,”sub”:”Hilgenreiner line, 1925″,”wiki”:”Heinrich Hilgenreiner”,”why”:[“Hilgenreiner drew a horizontal line through the triradiate cartilages on the infant pelvic radiograph. It gives a fixed reference for judging the height of the femoral head and the slope of the acetabular roof.”,”He described it in 1925 in a paper on the early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hip dislocation. The acetabular index is measured against his line.”,”George Perkins added a vertical line through the lateral acetabular margin in 1928. Together the two lines divide each hip into quadrants.”],”pub”:[“Hilgenreiner H. Zur Frühdiagnose und Frühbehandlung der angeborenen Hüftgelenkverrenkung. Med Klin. 1925;21:1385-8, 1425-9.”],”work”:[“Born in Bohemia, at Haid (now Bor) according to local records, though some sources give Prague”,”Graduated in medicine from the German Charles-Ferdinand University, Prague, in 1896″,”Trained in surgery under Anton Wölfler in Prague from 1897 to 1903, then in paediatric orthopaedics”,”Habilitated in surgery in 1907 and became extraordinary professor in 1930″,”Served as a military doctor in the First World War”],”facts”:[“In the 1920s he devised an abduction splint for congenital hip dislocation, known as the Hilgenreiner brace”,”After the Second World War he was held for 13 months in Pankrác prison, Prague, then expelled to Austria in 1946″,”He died in Spillern, Lower Austria. His elder brother Karl was a theologian and politician”,”Dietrich Tönnis later standardised the acetabular index with age-based normal values”],”pearl”:”Hilgenreiner line, Perkins line and the acetabular index assess hip dysplasia on radiographs once the femoral head starts to ossify. Before then, ultrasound is the test of choice.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Heinrich Hilgenreiner.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/heinrich-hilgenreiner/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Heinrich Hilgenreiner.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hilgenreiner”}],”p”:[“Hilgenreiner”],”req”:””},”perkin”:{“n”:”George Perkins”,”d”:”1892 to 1979″,”r”:”English orthopaedic surgeon, London”,”sub”:”Perkins line, 1928″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Perkins described a vertical line dropped from the lateral margin of the acetabulum, at right angles to a horizontal line through the triradiate cartilages. The normal femoral epiphysis lies below and medial to the crossing.”,”A head that lies above or lateral to the lines suggests dislocation. He published these signs in the Lancet in 1928, while chief assistant to Rowley Bristow at St Thomas’ Hospital.”,”The line is often written as Perkin line, but the surgeon was George Perkins.”],”pub”:[“Perkins G. Signs by which to diagnose congenital dislocation of the hip. Lancet. 1928:648-50. Reprinted in Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(274):3-5.”],”work”:[“Born in Staines, Middlesex, and qualified in medicine from Oxford in 1916″,”Served in East Africa with the King’s African Rifles and won the Military Cross”,”Trained at St Thomas’ and with Sir Robert Jones, gaining his FRCS and the first Robert Jones Prize in 1921″,”Head of the orthopaedic department at St Thomas’ from 1946 and its first Professor of Surgery in 1948″,”President of the British Orthopaedic Association in 1946 and chair of the British editorial board of JBJS from 1948 to 1952″],”facts”:[“Perkins traction for femoral fractures uses a tibial pin and a split bed so the knee can move early”,”He opposed long rigid immobilisation and summed up his approach as treating the patient and not the X-ray”,”Captured by German forces in East Africa in the First World War, he later escaped”,”Perkins traction has been used for femoral shaft fractures in low resource settings such as Sierra Leone”],”pearl”:”On an infant AP pelvis the femoral head ossific nucleus should sit in the inferomedial quadrant formed by the Hilgenreiner and Perkins lines. Superior or lateral migration indicates subluxation or dislocation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. George Perkins.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/george-perkins/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Heinrich Hilgenreiner.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/heinrich-hilgenreiner/”}],”p”:[“Perkins?(?:[’’]s)? line”],”req”:””},”cobb”:{“n”:”John Robert Cobb”,”d”:”1903 to 1967″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, New York”,”sub”:”Cobb angle, 1948″,”wiki”:”John Robert Cobb”,”why”:[“Cobb measured a spinal curve as the angle between lines drawn along the endplates of the most tilted vertebrae at each end of the curve.”,”He published the method in 1948 in his Outline for the Study of Scoliosis, an American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons instructional course lecture. It became the standard measure of scoliosis and was later applied to kyphosis and thoracolumbar fractures.”,”The method came out of his work running the scoliosis clinic at the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, where he registered and studied about 4,000 patients.”],”pub”:[“Cobb JR. Outline for the study of scoliosis. In: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Instructional course lectures. Vol 5. Ann Arbor: Edwards; 1948.”],”work”:[“Born in Brooklyn, New York, and graduated in English literature from Brown University in 1925″,”Took a year of science at Harvard and graduated MD from Yale in 1930″,”Trained in surgery and orthopaedics at New Haven Hospital, then Gibney Fellow at the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, later the Hospital for Special Surgery, in 1934″,”Organised and directed that hospital’s scoliosis clinic”,”Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at the New York Polyclinic Medical School and orthopaedic surgeon at Sea View Hospital, Staten Island”],”facts”:[“He showed that many curves found in growing children stayed within acceptable limits, and about 10 per cent needed surgery”,”He recognised the severe, disabling curves seen in neurofibromatosis”,”He favoured a turnbuckle plaster jacket with spinal fusion, the leading treatment of his era”,”Before medicine he went to sea on a merchant ship at the age of 16″],”pearl”:”Scoliosis is defined as a coronal Cobb angle over 10 degrees. Measurement error is about 5 degrees, so smaller changes between films may not be true progression.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. John Robert Cobb.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Cobb”},{“t”:”Cornell University. Faculty memorial statement. John Robert Cobb, 1903 to 1967.”,”u”:”https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/18143/Cobb_John_Robert_1967.pdf?sequence=1″},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Cobb angle.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cobb-angle”}],”p”:[“Cobb”],”req”:””},”gissane”:{“n”:”William Gissane”,”d”:”1898 to 1981″,”r”:”Australian-born trauma surgeon, Birmingham”,”sub”:”Angle of Gissane, 1947″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“The angle of Gissane is the obtuse angle on a lateral calcaneal radiograph formed by the downward slope of the posterior facet and the upward slope of the anterior process. It lies just below the lateral process of the talus.”,”Gissane described it in a discussion on fractures of the os calcis at the British Orthopaedic Association in October 1946, published in 1947.”,”Peter Essex-Lopresti credited Gissane in his 1952 paper. He showed the lateral process of the talus acting as a wedge at the angle to start the primary fracture line.”],”pub”:[“Gissane W. Discussion on fractures of the os calcis. Proceedings of the British Orthopaedic Association. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1947;29:254-5.”],”work”:[“Born in Redfern, Sydney, and educated at St Ignatius’ College”,”Served with the Australian artillery in 1917 to 1918 and graduated MB ChM from the University of Sydney in 1925″,”Trained in London and Exeter, gaining FRCS Edinburgh in 1927 and FRCS England in 1932″,”Ran the accident unit at St James’s Hospital, Balham, after visiting Böhler’s accident hospital in Vienna”,”First clinical director and surgeon in chief of the Birmingham Accident Hospital from 1941 to 1964″],”facts”:[“The Birmingham Accident Hospital gave continuous care by full-time consultants from admission to discharge, a model for later trauma services”,”He preferred to speak of a team instead of the surgical firm”,”He led research into road injuries, including neck injuries in car occupants”,”He died on 1 April 1981, the 40th anniversary of the hospital’s opening”],”pearl”:”In an intra-articular calcaneal fracture, depression of the posterior facet lowers the Böhler angle and widens the angle of Gissane on the lateral radiograph.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. William Gissane.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/william-gissane/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Gissane angle.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/gissane-angle/”}],”p”:[“Gissane”],”req”:””},”bohler”:{“n”:”Lorenz Böhler”,”d”:”1885 to 1973″,”r”:”Austrian trauma surgeon, Vienna”,”sub”:”Böhler angle, 1929″,”wiki”:”Lorenz Böhler”,”why”:[“Böhler described the tuber-joint angle on the lateral calcaneal radiograph. Flattening of the angle shows collapse of the posterior facet in calcaneal fractures.”,”He first presented it as the Gelenk-Tuberwinkel at the German Society of Surgery in April 1929. His 1931 paper in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery brought it to English readers.”,”Böhler also shaped modern fracture care. He taught fast diagnosis, painless reduction, immobilisation and active movement of uninjured parts, delivered in a dedicated accident hospital.”],”pub”:[“Böhler L. Behandlung der Fersenbeinbrüche. Arch Klin Chir. 1929;157:723-32.”,”Böhler L. Diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of fractures of the os calcis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1931;13:75-89.”],”work”:[“Born in Wolfurt, Vorarlberg, and graduated MD from the University of Vienna in 1911″,”Visited the Mayo Clinic after the 1914 International Surgical Congress in New York”,”From 1916 ran a military hospital at Bozen that became a specialist fracture service”,”Director of the AUVA accident hospital in Vienna from its opening in 1925 until 1963″,”Habilitated in surgery at Vienna in 1930 and made full professor in 1954″],”facts”:[“His book Die Technik der Knochenbruchbehandlung, first published in 1929, grew from 176 pages to about 2,500 and was translated into eight languages”,”He joined the Nazi party in 1938 and was a consulting surgeon to the Wehrmacht”,”He promoted Küntscher intramedullary nailing and wrote on it for femoral gunshot fractures in 1943″,”The Vienna trauma hospital opened in 1972 bears his name. His son Jörg also directed the AUVA hospital”],”pearl”:”The normal Böhler angle is about 20 to 40 degrees. A reduced angle indicates a depressed posterior facet, and restoring it is a goal of operative fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Lorenz Böhler.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/lorenz-bohler/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Lorenz Böhler.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_B%C3%B6hler”}],”p”:[“B(?:ö|o)hler”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-bohler.jpg”,”cr”:”Oskar Spang, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0″},”silfverskiold”:{“n”:”Nils Silfverskiöld”,”d”:”1888 to 1957″,”r”:”Swedish orthopaedic surgeon, Stockholm”,”sub”:”Silfverskiöld test, 1924″,”wiki”:”Nils Silfverskiöld”,”why”:[“Silfverskiöld observed that in spastic equinus the force needed to dorsiflex the ankle fell when the knee was flexed. This pointed to tightness of the gastrocnemius alone, because the gastrocnemius crosses the knee and the soleus does not.”,”He published the observation in 1924, the year of his doctoral thesis on spastic hemiplegia in children. He advocated detaching the origins of the gastrocnemii from the femur and reattaching them to the tibia.”,”The test that carries his name was adapted later for non-spastic contracture. Ankle dorsiflexion is measured with the knee flexed and with the knee straight. A difference suggests isolated gastrocnemius contracture, and similar limits suggest shortening of the whole gastrocnemius-soleus complex.”],”pub”:[“Silfverskiöld N. Reduction of the uncrossed two-joints muscles of the leg to one-joint muscles in spastic conditions. Acta Chir Scand. 1924;56:315-30.”],”work”:[“Born in Gothenburg, Sweden”,”Became a candidate of medicine at Uppsala University in 1911 and a licentiate in 1916, then gained his doctorate in 1924 with a thesis on orthopaedics of infantile spastic hemiplegia”,”Director of medical gymnastics in Stockholm from 1917, and associate professor of orthopaedic surgery at the Karolinska Institute from 1925″,”Chief physician at Sabbatsberg Hospital from 1927, Serafimer Hospital from 1936 and Karolinska Hospital from 1940″],”facts”:[“He won a gold medal in the team Swedish system gymnastics event at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics”,”Singh describes him as an orthopaedic surgeon, Swedish aristocrat, bon vivant, left wing intellectual and anti-Nazi”,”In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, he set up a Swedish hospital in Spain to aid the Republicans”,”A 2019 anatomical study of patients with spastic hemiplegia questioned how far the test can be relied on in that group”],”pearl”:”If ankle dorsiflexion improves with the knee flexed, the gastrocnemius is the tight muscle. If dorsiflexion stays equally limited with the knee bent, the soleus, Achilles tendon or ankle joint is involved.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Singh D. Nils Silfverskiöld (1888-1957) and gastrocnemius contracture. Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;19(2):135-8.”},{“t”:”Olympedia. Nils Silfverskiöld.”,”u”:”https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/31125″},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Nils Silfverskiöld.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Silfverski%C3%B6ld”}],”p”:[“Silfverski(?:ö|o)ld”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-silfverskiold.jpg”,”cr”:”Swedish Olympic Committee, Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”pirani”:{“n”:”Shafique Pirani”,”d”:””,”r”:”Paediatric orthopaedic surgeon, New Westminster, British Columbia”,”sub”:”Pirani clubfoot severity score”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“The Pirani score is a clinical scoring system for the severity of idiopathic clubfoot and its response to treatment. Three midfoot and three hindfoot signs are each scored 0, 0.5 or 1, giving a midfoot score and a hindfoot score of 0 to 3 each and a total of 0 to 6.”,”Pirani and colleagues devised the system, and it was tested independently by Flynn and colleagues in 1998. They found very good interobserver reliability after a learning phase. The version they tested used a 10 point scale, whereas the current form scores 0 to 6.”,”Pirani began using the Ponseti method at Royal Columbian Hospital in 1996. A later series found that the initial Pirani score correlated with the number of casts needed to correct the foot, and a high hindfoot score raised the chance of needing a tenotomy.”],”pub”:[“Flynn JM, Donohoe M, Mackenzie WG. An independent assessment of two clubfoot-classification systems. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18(3):323-7.”],”work”:[“Originally from Uganda, and a paediatric orthopaedic surgeon at Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, British Columbia”,”Clinical Professor in the Division of Paediatric Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, with qualifications MBBS and FRCSC”,”Project Director of the Uganda Sustainable Clubfoot Care Project, which built a network of about 30 clinics staffed by orthopaedic officers”,”Chair of the Medical Advisory Board of the Ponseti International Association”],”facts”:[“With David Hodges he used MRI to show that Ponseti casting corrected the tarsal relationships and the shapes of the tarsal anlages”,”A 2009 UBC report said about 40 per cent of Ugandan babies born with clubfoot were being treated in the project clinics”,”Flynn and colleagues reported a correlation coefficient of 0.90 between examiners for the Pirani score, and 0.83 for the Dimeglio score”],”pearl”:”The score runs from 0 for a normal foot to 6 for the most severe deformity. It is recorded at each cast change to track correction during Ponseti treatment.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Dyer PJ, Davis N. The role of the Pirani scoring system in the management of club foot by the Ponseti method. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88(8):1082-4.”},{“t”:”Pirani S, Zeznik L, Hodges D. Magnetic resonance imaging study of the congenital clubfoot treated with the Ponseti method. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21(6):719-26.”},{“t”:”UBC News. Straightening feet and building bridges.”,”u”:”https://news.ubc.ca/2009/11/05/straightening-feet-and-building-bridges/”},{“t”:”VCH Research Institute. Shafique Pirani.”,”u”:”https://vchri.ca/researchers/shafique-pirani”},{“t”:”Royal Columbian Hospital Foundation. Ahead by a foot.”,”u”:”https://rchfoundation.com/ahead-by-a-foot/”}],”p”:[“Pirani”],”req”:””},”jaffecampanacci”:{“n”:”Henry Lewis Jaffe and Mario Campanacci”,”d”:””,”r”:”American pathologist, New York, and Italian orthopaedic surgeon, Bologna”,”sub”:”Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome, 1983″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome is the association of multiple non-ossifying fibromas of the long bones with extraskeletal anomalies, most often café-au-lait spots. Other reported features are intellectual disability, hypogonadism or cryptorchidism, and ocular and cardiovascular malformations.”,”Jaffe described the association in his 1958 textbook and suggested that it was an unusual form of neurofibromatosis. In 1983 Campanacci, Laus and Boriani reported ten patients and proposed a new malformation syndrome possibly allied to neurofibromatosis.”,”Mirra and colleagues published disseminated non-ossifying fibromas with café-au-lait spots in 1982, and a 2020 review credits them with coining the eponym. Whether the syndrome is distinct from neurofibromatosis type 1 is still discussed.”],”pub”:[“Jaffe HL. Tumors and tumorous conditions of the bones and joints. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1958.”,”Campanacci M, Laus M, Boriani S. Multiple non-ossifying fibromata with extraskeletal anomalies: a new syndrome? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983;65(5):627-32.”],”work”:[“Jaffe wrote Tumors and Tumorous Conditions of the Bones and Joints, published in Philadelphia by Lea and Febiger in 1958″,”Campanacci was born in Parma on 13 January 1932, graduated in medicine from the University of Bologna in 1956 and joined the Rizzoli Institute in 1958″,”Campanacci directed the Rizzoli tumour pathology research laboratory from 1963 and became ordinarius of clinical orthopaedics in 1983″,”Campanacci was the first president of the European Society of Muscular and Skeletal Oncology, from 1987 to 1990″],”facts”:[“Campanacci wrote Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, first published by Springer in 1991 with a second edition in 1999″,”In Campanacci’s series the skeletal lesions could regress and heal spontaneously once skeletal maturity was reached”,”Stewart and colleagues found germline NF1 mutations in most patients with multiple café-au-lait spots and non-ossifying fibromas, and suggested many cases may be neurofibromatosis type 1″],”pearl”:”A solitary non-ossifying fibroma is benign and usually found by chance. Multiple lesions with café-au-lait spots should prompt a search for neurofibromatosis type 1 and the extraskeletal features of this syndrome.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Mankin HJ, Trahan CA, Fondren G, Mankin CJ. Non-ossifying fibroma, fibrous cortical defect and Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome: a biologic and clinical review. Chir Organi Mov. 2009;93(1):1-7.”},{“t”:”Mirra JM, Gold RH, Rand F. Disseminated nonossifying fibromas in association with café-au-lait spots (Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;(168):192-205.”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Mario Campanacci.”,”u”:”https://redux.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2170.html”},{“t”:”Vannelli S, et al. Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome or neurofibromatosis type 1. Ital J Pediatr. 2020.”,”u”:”https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-020-0813-9″}],”p”:[“Jaffe-Campanacci”],”req”:””},”loeysdietz”:{“n”:”Bart Loeys and Harry Dietz”,”d”:””,”r”:”Belgian geneticist, Antwerp, and American geneticist, Baltimore”,”sub”:”Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 2005″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a connective tissue disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the genes for the type I or type II transforming growth factor beta receptor, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. It combines arterial aneurysm with craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal abnormalities.”,”Loeys, Dietz and colleagues described it in 2005 in ten families, working at Johns Hopkins University.”,”Orthopaedic features include scoliosis, kyphosis, spinal instability, spondylolisthesis, club foot and joint hypermobility.”],”pub”:[“Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, Judge DP, Podowski M, Holm T, Meyers J, Leitch CC, Katsanis N, Sharifi N, Xu FL, Myers LA, Spevak PJ, Cameron DE, De Backer J, Hellemans J, Chen Y, Davis EC, Webb CL, Kress W, Coucke P, Rifkin DB, De Paepe AM, Dietz HC. A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Nat Genet. 2005;37(3):275-81.”,”Loeys BL, Schwarze U, Holm T, Callewaert BL, Thomas GH, Pannu H, De Backer JF, Oswald GL, Symoens S, Manouvrier S, Roberts AE, Faravelli F, Greco MA, Pyeritz RE, Milewicz DM, Coucke PJ, Cameron DE, Braverman AC, Byers PH, De Paepe AM, Dietz HC. Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:788-98.”],”work”:[“Loeys qualified in medicine at Ghent University in 1995, completed paediatric residency there from 1998 to 2002 and gained a PhD in 2004″,”Loeys trained in medical genetics at Johns Hopkins from 2002 to 2005, and by 2020 held a chair in cardiogenomics at the University of Antwerp”,”Dietz gained a BS from Duke University in 1980 and an MD from SUNY Upstate Medical Center in 1984, then trained in paediatrics at Johns Hopkins from 1984 to 1987″,”By 2011 Dietz was Victor A McKusick Professor of Genetics at Johns Hopkins, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and director of the Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research”],”facts”:[“Mizuguchi and colleagues reported TGFBR2 mutations in Marfan syndrome type II in 2004, the year before the Loeys-Dietz paper”,”Dietz’s team linked the fibrillin-1 gene to Marfan syndrome through family studies in the late 1980s”,”Loeys later helped identify further aneurysm genes, including TGFB2, TGFB3, SKI and SMAD6″,”Dietz was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2011″],”pearl”:”Scoliosis, talipes, joint laxity and spinal instability can bring these patients to an orthopaedic clinic. Vascular imaging and assessment of the cervical spine are advisable before elective surgery.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Loeys-Dietz syndrome.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeys%E2%80%93Dietz_syndrome”},{“t”:”Johns Hopkins Gazette. JHU geneticist elected to National Academy of Sciences.”,”u”:”https://gazette.jhu.edu/2011/05/16/jhu-geneticist-elected-to-national-academy-of-sciences”},{“t”:”Francqui Foundation. 2020 Report Bart Loeys.”,”u”:”https://francquifoundation.be/?p=4804″},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Harry C. Dietz.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/3544.html”}],”p”:[“Loeys-Dietz”],”req”:””},”tsukayama”:{“n”:”Dean T Tsukayama”,”d”:””,”r”:”American infectious diseases physician, Minneapolis”,”sub”:”Tsukayama classification of periprosthetic joint infection, 1996″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Tsukayama, Estrada and Gustilo reviewed 97 patients with 106 infections in 98 hips after total hip arthroplasty. They grouped the infections by clinical setting and managed each group with its own protocol.”,”The four settings were positive intraoperative cultures at revision for presumed aseptic loosening, early postoperative infection, late chronic infection and acute haematogenous infection. The grouping by timing guides whether the implant can be kept.”,”The name attached because the 1996 paper set out the groups and their results. The original study included hips only, and the scheme was later applied to knees.”],”pub”:[“Tsukayama DT, Estrada R, Gustilo RB. Infection after total hip arthroplasty. A study of the treatment of one hundred and six infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78(4):512-23.”],”work”:[“Worked in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, when the 1996 paper was published”,”Co-authored many papers on bone and joint infection with RB Gustilo, from 1987 to 1999″,”Published laboratory studies on how prosthetic metals affect immune cells and on antibiotic-loaded cement beads”,”Later work covered tuberculosis, including a 2016 review of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis”],”facts”:[“Papers differ in how they number the groups and in the cut-off for early infection, and a modified version defines early infection as within 3 months of the primary arthroplasty”,”The Gustilo group published a knee series in 1999, and Tsukayama co-authored a 2003 review of infection after total knee arthroplasty”,”A 2020 paper from Minneapolis on the public health response to a tuberculosis outbreak among people experiencing homelessness lists him as co-author”],”pearl”:”Timing of onset drives the options. Early postoperative and acute haematogenous infections may suit debridement with implant retention, while chronic infection usually needs the implant removed.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Segawa H, Tsukayama DT, Kyle RF, Becker DA, Gustilo RB. Infection after total knee arthroplasty. A retrospective study of the treatment of eighty-one infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:1434-45.”},{“t”:”Tsukayama DT, Goldberg VM, Kyle R. Diagnosis and management of infection after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A Suppl 1:S75-80.”},{“t”:”PubMed Central. Study of hip and knee periprosthetic infections using a modified Tsukayama classification.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4775489″},{“t”:”PubMed. Infection after total hip arthroplasty. A study of the treatment of one hundred and six infections.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8609130/”}],”p”:[“Tsukayama”],”req”:””},”cotton”:{“n”:”Frederic Jay Cotton”,”d”:”1869 to 1938″,”r”:”American surgeon, Boston”,”sub”:”Cotton fracture, 1915, and Cotton test”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Cotton described an ankle fracture in which both malleoli are broken, a wedge of the back of the tibia splits off and the foot is displaced backwards. It is now called a trimalleolar fracture. He gave the mechanism and reduction in his 1910 textbook and reported 53 cases in JAMA in 1915.”,”The name came from his house officers. Tired of hearing him talk about the injury, they began calling it Cotton’s fracture.”,”The Cotton test stresses the ankle by moving the talus sideways, as set out in the ankle and foot chapter of his 1910 book. It is positive if the talus moves more than on the uninjured side.”],”pub”:[“Cotton FJ. A new type of ankle fracture. JAMA. 1915;64:318-21.”,”Cotton FJ. Dislocations and joint-fractures. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1910.”],”work”:[“Born in Prescott, Wisconsin, in 1869″,”Graduated from Harvard College in 1890 and Harvard Medical School in 1894″,”Studied bacteriology in New York and Vienna from 1894 to 1897 and founded a bacteriology laboratory at the Infants Hospital”,”Served as a surgeon in the Spanish-American War in 1898 and as a Major in the US Army in 1917″,”Surgeon to outpatients at City Hospital, Boston, from 1902 to 1932, and professor of surgery at Tufts College Medical School”],”facts”:[“The Cotton-Loder position, with hyperflexion of the wrist and ulnar deviation, is also named for him and was used in closed reduction of distal radius fractures”,”His chapter Injuries at and about the ankle in the 1910 book Dislocations and Joint-Fractures set out the mechanism and reduction of the posterior luxation fracture”,”Sources differ on his death year. The memoir by Lund gives 1938, while one LITFL page header gives 1939″],”pearl”:”Cotton fracture means a trimalleolar injury, which is unstable and often involves the ligaments. CT helps to plan fixation of the posterior malleolus, and the syndesmosis is tested after fixation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Frederic Jay Cotton.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/frederic-jay-cotton/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Cotton fracture.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/cotton-fracture/”},{“t”:”Acta Orthopaedica. Article on syndesmotic stress testing that cites the Cotton test.”,”u”:”https://actaorthop.org/actao/article/download/19993/23804/67513″},{“t”:”Lund FB. Memoir: Frederic Jay Cotton 1869-1938. Ann Surg. 1939;109(2):317-9.”}],”p”:[“Cotton(?= test| fracture)”,”\\(Cotton\\)”],”req”:””},”watsonscaph”:{“n”:”H Kirk Watson”,”d”:””,”r”:”American hand surgeon, Connecticut”,”sub”:”Watson scaphoid shift test, 1988″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“The scaphoid shift test assesses scaphoid stability and scapholunate instability. The examiner places a thumb on the palmar tubercle of the scaphoid and moves the wrist from ulnar to radial deviation. If the scapholunate ligament is disrupted, the scaphoid subluxates over the dorsal lip of the radius with a clunk and pain.”,”Watson, Ashmead and Makhlouf described the manoeuvre in 1988 in a paper titled Examination of the scaphoid, and explained its anatomical basis. Watson was then at the Connecticut Combined Hand Service, Hartford Hospital, and the test bears his name as first author.”,”Watson also described the scapholunate advanced collapse pattern of wrist arthritis, the SLAC wrist, with Ballet in 1984.”],”pub”:[“Watson HK, Ashmead D 4th, Makhlouf MV. Examination of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg Am. 1988;13(5):657-60.”],”work”:[“Graduated in medicine from George Washington University in 1960″,”Hand surgery fellowship in the programme of Joseph Boyes in Los Angeles, and orthopaedic fellowship at the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York”,”Founder and chief of the Connecticut Combined Hand Surgery Fellowship Training Program at Hartford Hospital, linked with the University of Connecticut”,”Founder and first president of the New England Hand Society”],”facts”:[“In the original description the examiner’s grip on the patient’s wrist resembled an arm wrestling posture, with the examiner’s thumb pressing on the scaphoid tuberosity”,”The SLAC paper reviewed 4000 wrist radiographs to establish the sequence of degenerative change in the wrist”,”The test is also called the scaphoid shift test”],”pearl”:”A positive test reproduces pain at the back of the wrist with a clunk as the scaphoid subluxates. Pain only under the examiner’s thumb is not a positive result, and the other wrist should be tested for comparison.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Watson HK, Ballet FL. The SLAC wrist: scapholunate advanced collapse pattern of degenerative arthritis. J Hand Surg Am. 1984;9(3):358-65.”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. H Kirk Watson.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/h-kirk-watson/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Watson’s test.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson%27s_test”},{“t”:”Becker’s Spine Review. Orthopedic surgeon to know, Dr. H. Kirk Watson of The Hand Center.”,”u”:”https://beckersspine.com/orthopedic/26277-orthopedic-surgeon-to-know-dr-h-kirk-watson-of-the-hand-center.html”}],”p”:[“Watson(?:[’’]s)? (?:test|scaphoid|shift)”],”req”:””},”caffey”:{“n”:”John Patrick Caffey”,”d”:”1895 to 1978″,”r”:”American paediatrician and radiologist, New York and Pittsburgh”,”sub”:”Caffey disease, 1945, and Caffey-Kempe syndrome”,”wiki”:”John Caffey”,”why”:[“Caffey and William Silverman described infantile cortical hyperostosis in 1945. Infants in the first months of life developed sudden tender swelling over bones with subperiosteal new bone formation, often in the mandible, clavicle, ulna and tibia. The condition settles without treatment over months.”,”Georg Roske had reported the condition in 1930, and Caffey recognised it in 1939. The name Caffey disease attached because the 1945 paper defined it as a distinct entity.”,”Caffey-Kempe syndrome is a name for the battered baby. Caffey reported multiple long bone fractures in infants with chronic subdural haematoma in 1946, and Kempe and colleagues described the battered-child syndrome in 1962. Caffey himself used the double name in a 1972 article.”],”pub”:[“Caffey J, Silverman WA. Infantile cortical hyperostoses. Preliminary report on a new syndrome. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther. 1945;54:1-16.”,”Caffey J. Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural hematoma. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther. 1946;56(2):163-73.”],”work”:[“Born in Castle Gate, Utah, and graduated BA in 1916 and MD in 1919 from the University of Michigan”,”Interned at Barnes Hospital, St Louis, worked in postwar Europe with the American Red Cross in 1920, then trained at Babies Hospital, New York”,”Head of radiology at Babies Hospital from 1929, professor of clinical paediatrics in 1950 and professor of radiology in 1954, retiring in 1960″,”Joined the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh in 1963 and worked there until his death”],”facts”:[“His 1945 textbook Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis became the standard text and continues as Caffey’s Pediatric Diagnostic Imaging”,”Kenny-Caffey syndrome also carries his name, and he was a founding member of the Society for Pediatric Radiology”,”In 1972 and 1974 he wrote on shaking injuries in infants, including the whiplash shaken infant syndrome”,”Familial Caffey disease was linked in 2005 to a COL1A1 mutation, and carriers also had joint hyperlaxity and hyperextensible skin”],”pearl”:”In an infant, multiple fractures of different ages should prompt consideration of non-accidental injury. Infantile cortical hyperostosis also presents with painful swelling and periosteal new bone, and infection and non-accidental injury are on its differential.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. John Caffey.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caffey”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Infantile cortical hyperostosis.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_cortical_hyperostosis”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Caffey-Silverman syndrome.”,”u”:”https://redux.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/117.html”},{“t”:”Gensure RC, Mäkitie O, Barclay C, Chan C, Depalma SR, Bastepe M, et al. A novel COL1A1 mutation in infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey disease) expands the spectrum of collagen-related disorders. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(5):1250-7.”}],”p”:[“Caffey”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-caffey.jpg”,”cr”:”Unknown photographer, Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”gantzer”:{“n”:”Karl Friedrich Ludwig Gantzer”,”d”:””,”r”:”German anatomist, Berlin”,”sub”:”Gantzer muscle, 1813″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Gantzer described two accessory muscles of the forearm in 1813. The commoner is the accessory head of flexor pollicis longus, which arises from the coronoid process of the ulna or the medial epicondyle. The rarer is an accessory head to flexor digitorum profundus.”,”The description is in his Latin dissertation on variations of the muscles, defended in Berlin with Karl Asmund Rudolphi presiding. Albinus had noted the muscle in the 18th century, but the eponym follows Gantzer’s description.”,”The accessory head lies close to the anterior interosseous nerve and median nerve and can compress them. Reported prevalence varies a great deal between studies.”],”pub”:[“Gantzer KFL. Dissertatio anatomica musculorum varietates sistens. Berolini: Typis Joannis Friderici Starckii; 1813.”],”work”:[“Defended a 19 page Latin dissertation on muscle variations before the medical faculty in Berlin in 1813″,”Karl Asmund Rudolphi presided, and was Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin from 1810 until his death in 1832″,”Little else is recorded about his life”],”facts”:[“The title page names the author as Carolus Frider. Ludov. Gantzer. Johann Friedrich Starck is the printer”,”Pooled prevalence of the accessory head of flexor pollicis longus was 44 per cent in a 2015 meta-analysis and 48 per cent in a later one”,”Anterior interosseous nerve palsy due to Gantzer muscle has been reported in the surgical literature”],”pearl”:”Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome weakens flexor pollicis longus and the index profundus, so the patient cannot form an OK sign. Gantzer muscle is one recognised anatomical cause of this compression.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wellcome Collection. Dissertatio anatomica musculorum varietates sistens.”,”u”:”https://wellcomecollection.org/works/xp7tzmy8″},{“t”:”Jones M, Abrahams PH, Sañudo JR, Campillo M. Incidence and morphology of accessory heads of flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus (Gantzer’s muscles). J Anat. 1997;191(Pt 3):451-5.”},{“t”:”PeerJ. The prevalence and anatomical characteristics of the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle, a meta-analysis.”,”u”:”https://peerj.com/articles/1255″},{“t”:”Asghar A, Jha RK, Patra A, Chaudhary B, Singh B. The prevalence and distribution of the variants of Gantzer’s muscle, a meta-analysis of cadaveric studies. Anat Cell Biol. 2022;55(1):3-13.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968234/”}],”p”:[“Gantzer”],”req”:””},”zanca”:{“n”:”Peter Zanca”,”d”:”1908 to 1976″,”r”:”American radiologist, San Antonio”,”sub”:”Zanca view, 1971″,”wiki”:”Peter Zanca”,”why”:[“Zanca analysed 1,000 cases of shoulder pain with acromioclavicular joint involvement and published the series in the American Journal of Roentgenology in 1971.”,”The view that carries his name is an anteroposterior projection with the beam tilted about 10 to 15 degrees towards the head and a lower exposure than a standard shoulder film. This shows the acromioclavicular joint clear of the scapular spine and the dense bone around it.”,”The view takes his name from the 1971 series. Zanca was a radiologist.”],”pub”:[“Zanca P. Shoulder pain: involvement of the acromioclavicular joint. Analysis of 1,000 cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971;112(3):493-506. PMID 5570359.”],”work”:[“Born in New York City to Italian immigrant parents”,”Studied at New York University and Long Island University, then at the University of Rome medical school from 1931, returning to the United States in 1935″,”Interned in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and trained in radiation therapy at the American Oncologic Hospital, Philadelphia”,”Served in the US Army Medical Corps from 1938 to 1963 and retired as a colonel after service in World War II and the Korean War”,”Became professor and founding chair of radiology at the University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio”],”facts”:[“He wrote or contributed to more than 75 articles and exhibits”,”His army postings included West Point, Letterman Army Hospital, Tokyo and Osaka, and Brooke General Hospital in San Antonio”,”He was awarded the Legion of Merit”],”pearl”:”Order the Zanca view when a standard AP film leaves the acromioclavicular joint obscured. The cephalic tilt and reduced exposure show the joint without the overlying scapular spine.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Zanca P. Shoulder pain: involvement of the acromioclavicular joint. Analysis of 1,000 cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971;112(3):493-506. PMID 5570359.”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Peter Zanca.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Zanca”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Acromioclavicular joint (Zanca view).”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acromioclavicular-joint-zanca-view”}],”p”:[“Zanca”],”req”:””},”eichenholtz”:{“n”:”Sidney N Eichenholtz”,”d”:”1909 to 2000″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon”,”sub”:”Eichenholtz classification of Charcot neuroarthropathy, 1966″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Eichenholtz described three stages in the course of a Charcot joint in his 1966 monograph Charcot Joints. The staging was based on plain radiographs of 68 patients.”,”Stage I is development, with fragmentation of bone and joint subluxation or dislocation. Stage II is coalescence, with absorption of debris and sclerosis of bone ends. Stage III is consolidation, with remodelling of bones and joints.”,”The staging is still used to describe the natural history of the diabetic Charcot foot. Later authors added an earlier, X-ray negative inflammatory stage that can be seen on MRI.”],”pub”:[“Eichenholtz SN. Charcot joints. Springfield (IL): Charles C Thomas; 1966.”],”work”:[“Author of the monograph Charcot Joints, published by Charles C Thomas, Springfield, in 1966″,”Co-authored a review of 35 central acetabular fractures with Stark in 1964″,”Wrote on fractures of the tarsal navicular in 1964 and on congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in 1970″],”facts”:[“Chantelau and Grützner argued in 2014 that the earliest MRI-detectable inflammatory stage was not recognised by Eichenholtz and that the classification should be superseded”,”The anatomical Brodsky classification is often used together with the Eichenholtz stages”,”Shibata and colleagues added a prodromal stage 0 in 1990, before the fragmentation stage”],”pearl”:”Stage I is the warm, swollen foot with fragmentation, and early radiographs can look normal. Treat a suspected active Charcot foot with offloading and immobilisation while inflammation is present.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Eichenholtz SN. Charcot joints. Springfield (IL): Charles C Thomas; 1966.”},{“t”:”Chantelau EA, Grützner G. Is the Eichenholtz classification still valid for the diabetic Charcot foot? Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w13948. PMID 24764120.”,”u”:”https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/1862″},{“t”:”Papanas N, Maltezos E. Etiology, pathophysiology and classifications of the diabetic Charcot foot. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2013;4. PMID 23705058.”,”u”:”https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3661901/”},{“t”:”Rosenbaum AJ, DiPreta JA. Classifications in brief: Eichenholtz classification of Charcot arthropathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(3):1168-71. PMID 25413713.”}],”p”:[“Eichenholtz”],”req”:””},”albright”:{“n”:”Fuller Albright”,”d”:”1900 to 1969″,”r”:”American endocrinologist, Boston”,”sub”:”Albright syndrome and McCune-Albright syndrome, 1937″,”wiki”:”Fuller Albright”,”why”:[“In 1937 Albright, with Butler, Hampton and Smith, reported five cases of a syndrome combining disseminated fibrous bone disease, patches of skin pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in girls.”,”The paediatrician Donovan McCune described similar patients in the same year, with Hilde Bruch, so the condition carries both names. The cause is a postzygotic activating mutation of the GNAS gene.”,”The term Albright hereditary osteodystrophy is a separate eponym used for the phenotype of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a.”],”pub”:[“Albright F, Butler AM, Hampton AO, Smith P. Syndrome characterized by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females. Report of five cases. N Engl J Med. 1937;216:727-46.”],”work”:[“Born in Buffalo, New York, and graduated from Harvard College cum laude at the age of 20″,”Entered Harvard Medical School in 1920 and interned at Massachusetts General Hospital, then worked with Joseph Aub on calcium metabolism”,”Assistant resident to Warfield Longcope at Johns Hopkins, then a year in Vienna with the pathologist Jakob Erdheim”,”Staff member at Massachusetts General Hospital from the early 1930s, where he built an endocrinology research group”,”President of the Endocrine Society in 1946 to 1947 and elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1955″],”facts”:[“He developed Parkinson disease in 1937. Experimental brain surgery in 1956 was complicated by haemorrhage, and he was nursed at Massachusetts General Hospital for the remaining 13 years of his life”,”Other eponyms include Lightwood-Albright syndrome, a neonatal form of renal tubular acidosis, and Forbes-Albright syndrome of galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea”,”He described the types of hyperparathyroidism and recognised the role of menopause in osteoporosis”,”The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research has awarded the Fuller Albright Award annually since 1981″],”pearl”:”McCune-Albright syndrome combines polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, café-au-lait macules and hyperfunctioning endocrine disease such as precocious puberty. Screen any patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia for endocrine disease.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Wikipedia. Fuller Albright.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_Albright”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. McCune-Albright syndrome.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Albright_syndrome”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. McCune-Albright syndrome.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1844.html”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Fuller Albright.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/fuller-albright/”}],”p”:[“Albright”],”req”:””},”larsensyn”:{“n”:”Loren Joseph Larsen”,”d”:”1914 to 2001″,”r”:”American orthopaedic surgeon, San Francisco”,”sub”:”Larsen syndrome, 1950″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Larsen, with Schottstaedt and Bost, reported six patients in 1950 with multiple congenital dislocations of the large joints and a characteristic facial abnormality.”,”The paper was published in the Journal of Pediatrics and the syndrome took the name of the first author. The report arose from his work in San Francisco.”],”pub”:[“Larsen LJ, Schottstaedt ER, Bost FC. Multiple congenital dislocations associated with characteristic facial abnormality. J Pediatr. 1950;37(4):574-81. PMID 14779259.”],”work”:[“Born in Ozone, Idaho, of Norwegian parentage”,”Graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1941″,”Trained in orthopaedic surgery at the University of California, San Francisco”,”Chief surgeon of orthopaedics at Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, and on the teaching staff at UCSF”,”Chief surgeon at Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, San Francisco, from 1968 to 1980, then chairman emeritus”],”facts”:[“He co-authored a 1978 paper on the posterior calf muscles in normal gait with Simon, Mann and Hagy”,”He died at home in Santa Rosa, California, on 20 December 2001, according to the POSNA obituary, although its page header lists 2002″,”He was first in his family to attend college, according to the POSNA obituary”],”pearl”:”Multiple large joint dislocations, particularly of the knees and hips, with a characteristic flat facial appearance should prompt the diagnosis. Assess the cervical spine before any anaesthetic.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Larsen LJ, Schottstaedt ER, Bost FC. Multiple congenital dislocations associated with characteristic facial abnormality. J Pediatr. 1950;37(4):574-81. PMID 14779259.”},{“t”:”Whonamedit. Loren Joseph Larsen.”,”u”:”https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/579.html”},{“t”:”Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. In memoriam. Loren J Larsen.”,”u”:”https://posna.org/our-society/history/in-memoriam?itemid=34″}],”p”:[“Larsen syndrome”],”req”:””},”baumann”:{“n”:”Ernst Baumann”,”d”:”1890 to 1978″,”r”:”Swiss surgeon, Langenthal”,”sub”:”Baumann angle, 1929″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Baumann described a radiographic angle on the anteroposterior view of a child’s elbow in 1929, in a long paper on elbow fractures.”,”He measured the angle between the long axis of the humeral shaft and a line through the physis of the lateral condyle. He used it to judge reduction of supracondylar fractures and the risk of cubitus varus.”,”Later writers also measured the angle from the perpendicular to the shaft, so the name covers more than one measurement. Acton and McNally described three variations in 2001 and suggested the term shaft-physeal angle.”],”pub”:[“Baumann E. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Frakturen am Ellbogengelenk. Beitr Klin Chir. 1929;146:1-50.”],”work”:[“Resident physician in Offenbach am Main from 1914, then general practitioner in Rothrist”,”Assistant to Eugen Bircher at the Kantonsspital Aarau from 1924 to 1926″,”Chief of the Bezirksspital Langenthal from 1928 to 1960″,”Served at a military hospital in Smolensk in 1941 to 1942 and wrote on cold injury”,”Titular professor at the University of Bern in 1957 and one of the 13 founding members of the AO in 1958″],”facts”:[“He was 20 to 30 years older than the other AO founders”,”He devised the Baumann screw, a self-drilling, self-tapping screw used in the early days of AO tibial fixation”,”He was president of the Swiss Society for Trauma Medicine and Occupational Diseases from 1955 to 1960″,”Sources disagree on his birthplace, so it is not given here”],”pearl”:”The Baumann angle checks coronal alignment on a true AP elbow film after a supracondylar fracture. Residual varus leads to cubitus varus, so state which convention is used when reporting the angle.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Ernst Baumann.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/ernst-baumann/”},{“t”:”Acton JD, McNally MA. Baumann’s confusing legacy. Injury. 2001;32(1):41-3. PMID 11164401.”},{“t”:”AO Foundation. AO celebrates birthday of founding father Ernst Baumann.”,”u”:”https://int.aofoundation.org/who-we-are/about-ao/ao-archive-and-history/news/ao-celebrates-birthday-of-founding-father-ernst-baumann”}],”p”:[“Baumann”],”req”:””},”brodsky”:{“n”:”James W Brodsky”,”d”:””,”r”:”American orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeon, Dallas”,”sub”:”Brodsky classification of Charcot arthropathy”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Brodsky devised an anatomical classification of Charcot arthropathy of the foot and ankle. It describes location, and the Eichenholtz stages describe timing.”,”Type 1 is the midfoot, type 2 is the hindfoot with the subtalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints, type 3A is the ankle and type 3B is the calcaneus.”,”Brodsky applied the types in his 1993 series with Rouse on exostectomy for bony prominences. Trepman and colleagues later extended the scheme with fourth and fifth types.”],”pub”:[“Brodsky JW, Rouse AM. Exostectomy for symptomatic bony prominences in diabetic Charcot feet. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(296):21-6. PMID 8222428.”],”work”:[“Graduate of Harvard University and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in 1979″,”Orthopaedic residency at Bellevue Hospital Center and then Baylor College of Medicine affiliated hospitals, finishing in 1984″,”Foot and ankle fellowship at Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center in 1985″,”Career at Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, leading the foot and ankle section at Orthopedic Associates of Dallas”,”Past president of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society”],”facts”:[“The AOFAS named him a Pillar of the Society in 2021″,”Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine gave him its Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2024″,”In his exostectomy series type 1 midfoot breakdown predominated, in keeping with the natural history of the Charcot tarsus”],”pearl”:”Brodsky describes where the Charcot process sits and Eichenholtz describes when, so the two are used together. Midfoot type 1 is the most common pattern and often causes a plantar bony prominence.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Brodsky JW, Rouse AM. Exostectomy for symptomatic bony prominences in diabetic Charcot feet. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(296):21-6. PMID 8222428.”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Classification systems of Charcot arthropathy.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/classification-systems-of-charcot-arthropathy”},{“t”:”Baylor Scott and White Health. James Brodsky.”,”u”:”https://cd-prod.bswhealth.com/physician/james-brodsky”}],”p”:[“Brodsky”],”req”:””},”denis”:{“n”:”Francis Denis”,”d”:””,”r”:”Spine surgeon, Minneapolis”,”sub”:”Denis three column classification, 1983, and Denis sacral fracture zones, 1988″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“In 1983 Denis reported a retrospective study of 412 thoracolumbar injuries. He added a middle column, formed by the posterior wall of the vertebral body, the posterior longitudinal ligament and the posterior annulus, to the anterior and posterior columns of the earlier model.”,”He found that the mode of failure of the middle column correlated with the type of fracture and with neurological injury. Major injuries were grouped as compression fractures, burst fractures, seat-belt type injuries and fracture dislocations.”,”In 1988 Denis, Davis and Comfort reviewed 236 sacral fractures. They described three zones, with zone I through the ala, zone II through the foramina and zone III through the central canal.”],”pub”:[“Denis F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine. 1983;8(8):817-31. PMID 6670016.”,”Denis F, Davis S, Comfort T. Sacral fractures: an important problem. Retrospective analysis of 236 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;(227):67-81. PMID 3338224.”],”work”:[“Medical degree from Paris University”,”Residency at Lenox Hill Hospital, New York”,”Scoliosis fellowships at Children’s Hospital Boston and the Twin Cities Scoliosis Center, Minneapolis”,”Author of the sacral fracture series from the Minnesota Spine Center, Minneapolis”,”Staff surgeon at Twin Cities Spine Center, Minneapolis, according to a 2013 profile”],”facts”:[“A 1984 paper applied the three column concept to define spinal instability in acute trauma”,”In the sacral series, routine pelvic films were almost useless for the neurological injuries, and CT was needed”,”The sacral series reported 236 sacral fractures among 776 patients with pelvic injuries”],”pearl”:”Burst fractures involve the middle column as well as the anterior column, which raises concern about instability and canal compromise. Zone III sacral fractures are associated with saddle anaesthesia and sphincter dysfunction.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Denis F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine. 1983;8(8):817-31. PMID 6670016.”},{“t”:”Denis F, Davis S, Comfort T. Sacral fractures: an important problem. Retrospective analysis of 236 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;(227):67-81. PMID 3338224.”},{“t”:”Becker’s Spine Review. Spine surgeon leader to know. Dr Francis Denis of Twin Cities Spine Center.”,”u”:”https://www.beckersspine.com/spine-leaders/spine-surgeon-leader-to-know-dr-francis-denis-of-twin-cities-spine-center/”}],”p”:[“Denis(?! Desaulniers)”],”req”:””},”gigli”:{“n”:”Leonardo Gigli”,”d”:”1863 to 1908″,”r”:”Italian obstetrician and surgeon, Florence”,”sub”:”Gigli saw, 1894″,”wiki”:”Leonardo Gigli”,”why”:[“Gigli designed a thin, flexible wire saw with a handle at each end while working in Breslau. He intended it for lateral pubiotomy, cutting the pubic bone to one side of the midline to widen the pelvis in obstructed labour.”,”He described the saw in the Zentralblatt für Chirurgie in 1894. The flexible chain saw of John Aitken, used in 1785 for symphysiotomy, preceded the wire saw.”,”In 1897 Gigli recommended the saw for cutting bones other than the skull. Obaliński used it for cranial surgery the same year, and Johann von Mikulicz helped popularise it in general surgery.”],”pub”:[“Gigli L. Über ein neues Instrument zum Durchtrennen der Knochen, die Drahtsäge. Zentralbl Chir. 1894;21(18):409-11.”,”Gigli L. Taglio lateralizzato del pube. Suoi vantaggi. Sua tecnica. Ann Ostet Ginecol. 1894;14:649-67.”],”work”:[“Born in Sesto Fiorentino near Florence and graduated in medicine from Florence in 1889″,”Assistant in obstetrics and gynaecology in Florence, then trained under Tarnier in Paris”,”Worked under Heinrich Fritsch in Breslau in 1892 to 1893″,”Returned to Florence in 1894 to the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova, becoming its director in 1899″,”Left in 1901 for private practice and research, never held a university post, and died in 1908 aged 44″],”facts”:[“Gigli performed his first lateral pubiotomy in 1902, after the first on record by Bonardi in Lugano in 1897″,”During World War II, Gigli saws were hidden in Monopoly sets sent to prisoners of war as escape aids”,”The saw is used today for amputations, emergency clamshell sternotomy, Salter osteotomy and Bernese periacetabular osteotomy”,”Gigli’s operation, lateral pubiotomy, is now rarely performed”],”pearl”:”The wire is passed around the bone with a guide and cuts with a to and fro motion. Keep it under tension and protect the soft tissue on the far side.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Leonardo Gigli.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/leonardo-gigli/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Leonardo Gigli.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Gigli”},{“t”:”Nica DA, Moisa HA, Mohan A, Ciurea AV. Leonardo Gigli and the Gigli saw. Gigli redivivus. World Neurosurg. 2020;135:35-7. PMID 31809893.”}],”p”:[“Gigli”],”req”:””,”img”:”/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/eponym-gigli.jpg”,”cr”:”Unknown author, Wikimedia Commons, public domain”},”robinson”:{“n”:”Christopher Michael Robinson”,”d”:””,”r”:”British orthopaedic trauma surgeon, Edinburgh”,”sub”:”Robinson classification of clavicle fractures, 1998″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Robinson reviewed 1,000 consecutive adult clavicle fractures treated in the Orthopaedic Trauma Clinic of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh from 1988 to 1994. His classification is based on anatomical site, displacement, comminution and articular extension.”,”Each type is divided into undisplaced (A) and displaced (B) fractures, with further subdivision for articular extension, angulation and comminution. Type 1 is the medial fifth, type 2 is diaphyseal and type 3 is the outer fifth.”,”Complications of union were more frequent in displaced diaphyseal (2B) and displaced outer fifth (3B) fractures. Comminution was a risk factor for delayed union and nonunion in type 2B. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability were satisfactory.”],”pub”:[“Robinson CM. Fractures of the clavicle in the adult. Epidemiology and classification. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80(3):476-84. PMID 9619941.”],”work”:[“Graduated from the University of Nottingham and moved to Edinburgh in 1989″,”Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh”,”Consultant orthopaedic surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh from 1997, where he started a specialist upper limb clinic”,”Honorary senior lecturer at the University of Edinburgh”,”Upper limb trauma surgeon, with later publications from the Edinburgh Shoulder Clinic”],”facts”:[“He was first author of the 2013 multicentre randomised trial of plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures”,”The series gave incidence by age and sex. Young patients were mostly injured in road traffic accidents or sport, and outer fifth fractures in older patients followed simple falls”],”pearl”:”Displaced and comminuted midshaft fractures (type 2B) carry a higher risk of nonunion. Medial fifth fractures, undisplaced midshaft fractures and undisplaced outer fifth fractures usually have a benign course.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Robinson CM. Fractures of the clavicle in the adult. Epidemiology and classification. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80(3):476-84. PMID 9619941.”},{“t”:”Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(17):1576-84. PMID 24005198.”},{“t”:”Spire Healthcare. Mr Christopher Michael Robinson.”,”u”:”https://www.spirehealthcare.com/consultant-profiles/mr-christopher-michael-robinson-c3077274/”},{“t”:”Radiopaedia. Robinson classification of clavicle fractures.”,”u”:”https://radiopaedia.org/articles/97431″}],”p”:[“Robinson(?:[’’]s)? (?:classification|type)”],”req”:””},”tonnis”:{“n”:”Dietrich Tönnis”,”d”:”1927 to 2010″,”r”:”German orthopaedic surgeon, Dortmund”,”sub”:”Tönnis classification of hip osteoarthritis and Tönnis angle”,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Tönnis spent his career on hip dysplasia and measured the hip on plain radiographs. In 1968, with D Brunken, he analysed 2,294 acetabular roof angles measured in children’s hips to separate normal from abnormal acetabular roof angles.”,”The Tönnis angle is the slope of the weight-bearing acetabular roof (sourcil) to the horizontal. Heinrich Hilgenreiner had described the measurement earlier, and Tönnis standardised it. His 1987 textbook still called it the acetabular index of Hilgenreiner.”,”The Tönnis classification grades hip osteoarthritis from 0 to 3, from no radiographic change to severe joint space loss, cysts and deformity. Tönnis later published a modification with Heinecke. His name is also attached to a triple pelvic osteotomy.”],”pub”:[“Tönnis D. Normal values of the hip joint for the evaluation of X-rays in children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;(119):39-47.”,”Tönnis D. Congenital dysplasia and dislocation of the hip in children and adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1987.”],”work”:[“Born in Würzburg, son of the neurosurgeon Wilhelm Tönnis, and studied medicine at Münster, Freiburg, Cologne and Munich from 1947 to 1953″,”Began orthopaedic training in 1960 under Alfred Nikolaus Witt at the Oskar-Helene-Heim, Berlin, then worked in Munich-Harlaching”,”Habilitation at the Free University of Berlin in 1966″,”Head of the Orthopaedic Clinic at the Municipal Hospitals, Dortmund, from 1970 until he retired in 1992″,”One of 13 founders of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society in 1982 and its first treasurer”],”facts”:[“He described a radiographic hip value, combining the Wiberg angle, the Idelberger and Frank angle and the MZ distance, to separate normal from dysplastic hips”,”The Tönnis and Kuhlmann classification grades avascular necrosis of the femoral head after treatment of hip dislocation in children”,”The Tönnis triple pelvic osteotomy reorients the acetabulum through cuts in the ilium, pubis and ischium and was developed in the late 1970s”,”He died in Dortmund-Syburg in 2010″],”pearl”:”Tönnis grading is made on a standing anteroposterior pelvis radiograph. An increased Tönnis angle points to a shallow, undercovering acetabulum, so look for dysplasia in a young adult with hip pain before arthritis appears.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Dietrich Tönnis.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/dietrich-tonnis/”},{“t”:”Tönnis D. Congenital dysplasia and dislocation of the hip in children and adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1987.”,”u”:”https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-71038-4″},{“t”:”Tönnis D. Normal values of the hip joint for the evaluation of X-rays in children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;(119):39-47. PMID 954321.”}],”p”:[“T(?:ö|o)nnis”],”req”:””},”grisel”:{“n”:”Pierre Grisel”,”d”:”1869 to 1959″,”r”:”French paediatric surgeon, Paris”,”sub”:”Grisel syndrome, 1930″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Grisel reported two children with torticollis after inflammation of the nasopharynx, one after removal of the tonsils or adenoids. Each had a rotatory subluxation of the atlas on the axis, with no bone disease and no injury.”,”He argued that the displacement was held by contracture of the cervical pre- and perivertebral muscles.”,”Sir Charles Bell had recorded a fatal case in 1830, in a patient with a deep pharyngeal ulcer that destroyed the transverse ligament. A colleague, Desfosses, soon used the name maladie de Grisel in the same journal, and the eponym was fixed.”],”pub”:[“Grisel P. Enucléation de l’atlas et torticolis naso-pharyngien. Presse Med. 1930;38:50-3.”],”work”:[“Born in Paris on 21 October 1869 and died in Paris on 24 October 1959. Some catalogues give 1874 as the year of birth”,”Chef de clinique in paediatric surgery in Paris”,”Published with Félix Dévé in 1900 on hydatid abscess of the spine, a hydatid form of Pott disease”,”Reported on intussusception in children in 1904″],”facts”:[“Very little is recorded about his life, and the eponym is known far better than the man”,”Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are classic precipitants, but the same subluxation follows inflammation near the pharynx without surgery”,”Earlier cases include Dally in 1875 and Swanberg in 1919, who reported a soldier after measles, tonsillitis and tonsillectomy”,”The term is also used in the English literature for non-traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation”],”pearl”:”A child with persistent torticollis after a throat infection or ENT surgery needs imaging of the upper cervical spine. CT is the usual test to confirm atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Pierre Grisel.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/pierre-grisel/”},{“t”:”Life in the Fast Lane. Grisel syndrome.”,”u”:”https://litfl.com/grisel-syndrome/”},{“t”:”Wikipedia. Grisel’s syndrome.”,”u”:”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisel%27s_syndrome”}],”p”:[“Grisel”],”req”:””},”loder”:{“n”:”Randall T Loder”,”d”:””,”r”:”American paediatric orthopaedic surgeon, Indianapolis”,”sub”:”Loder classification of slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1993″,”wiki”:””,”why”:[“Slipped capital femoral epiphysis had been classed as acute, chronic or acute on chronic by the length of symptoms. Loder and colleagues tested that system in 54 patients and instead classed each slip as stable or unstable.”,”A slip is unstable when the patient has such severe pain that weight bearing is impossible even with crutches. It is stable when the patient can bear weight, with or without crutches.”,”Of 30 unstable hips, 14 developed avascular necrosis. None of the 25 stable hips did. The paper made the state of the physis, and not the length of symptoms, the guide to prognosis, and the stable and unstable terms became standard.”],”pub”:[“Loder RT, Richards BS, Shapiro PS, Reznick LR, Aronson DD. Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis. The importance of physeal stability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(8):1134-40.”],”work”:[“Bachelor’s degree in chemistry at the University of Colorado, then M.D. at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, in 1980″,”Orthopaedic residency at the Medical College of Ohio, then a paediatric orthopaedic and scoliosis fellowship at Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Dallas”,”Academic posts at the Medical College of Ohio, Wayne State University, the University of Michigan and the University of Minnesota”,”Chief of staff at Twin Cities Shriners Hospital, Minneapolis, before joining Indiana University in 2003″,”Chair of orthopaedic surgery at Indiana University School of Medicine from February 2011, and now Professor Emeritus”],”facts”:[“The 1993 paper came from the Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit”,”All slips in the study were fixed with internal fixation, and reduction was not shown to be linked to avascular necrosis”,”Stable and unstable slips are now the standard way to describe presentation and risk”],”pearl”:”Ask whether the child can walk, with or without crutches. Unable to bear weight means unstable, and that group carries the high risk of avascular necrosis.”,”src”:[{“t”:”Loder RT, Richards BS, Shapiro PS, Reznick LR, Aronson DD. Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis. The importance of physeal stability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(8):1134-40. PMID 8354671.”,”u”:”https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8354671/”},{“t”:”Indiana University School of Medicine. Loder to lead orthopaedic surgery at Indiana University School of Medicine.”,”u”:”https://medicine.iu.edu/news/2011/04/loder-to-lead-orthopaedic-surgery-at-indiana-university-school-of-medicine”},{“t”:”Indiana University School of Medicine. Randall Loder faculty profile.”,”u”:”https://medicine.iu.edu/faculty/15360/loder-randall”}],”p”:[“(?

Reviewed by Professor Phong Tran, Head of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Health. Last updated 12 October 2026.