Classification
Lauge-Hansen
(Position of foot/ direction of deforming force)
- Supination/ Adduction
- I: rupture/ avulse LCL
- II: vertical fracture MM
- Supination/ ER
- I: anterior tibiofibular ligament rupture
- II: spiral fracture fibular
- III: posterior malleolus fracture/ posterior tibiofibular ligament rupture
- IV: MM fracture
- Pronation/ abduction
- I: avulsion fracture MM
- II: rupture syndesmosis
- III: fibular fracture above syndesmosis
- Pronation/ ER
- I: avulsion fracture MM/ deltoid rupture
- II: anterior tibiofibular ligament rupture/ interosseous membrane
- III: high fibula fracture
- IV: posterolateral malleolus fracture/ posterior tibiofibular ligament rupture
- Axial load: pilon fracture
- Mnemonic “SAD SEX, PAB, PEX”
Danis-Weber
- Type A: fibula fracture below syndesmosis
- Type B: at syndesmosis
- Type C: above syndesmosis